Chapter 1: Research and Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Experience, Intuition, and Authority all have limitations as means of gathering evidence for behaviour. The preferred alternative is ___________, which uses evidence from senses as the basis for conclusions.

A

Empiricism.

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2
Q

The 5 steps of the scientific method are

A

Identify question, Form hypothesis, test hypothesis, Analyze data, Build body of knowledge.

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3
Q

What is a variable?

A

A characteristic that can vary.

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4
Q

What is an operational definition

A

Definition of a variable/concept in terms of specific procedures used to produce/measure it.

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5
Q

A factor that may affect results of a self-report is ________ bias

A

Social desirability.

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6
Q

Observational studies need reliable ___________ for consistent coding of observations and reliable results

A

operational definitions.

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7
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

Aspects of an observational setting that make subjects behave as they think they should (social desirability bias)

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8
Q

Three kinds of psychological tests are

A

Personality tests, intelligence tests, neuropsychological tests

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9
Q

___________ Research seeks to explain how an individual behaves, especially in natural environments

A

Descriptive.

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10
Q

Advantages of naturalistic observation include

A

Rich description of behaviours, avoids demand characteristics.

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11
Q

Disadvantages of naturalistic observation include

A

Cannot inform person that they’re being observed, long period of observation to get single measure of desired behaviour.

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12
Q

Three kinds of descriptive research are

A

Case study, naturalistic observation, surveys.

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13
Q

________ is the set of all individuals about whom we seek to form a conclusion, __________ is the subset of individuals drawn from set

A

Population, sample.

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14
Q

A _________ accurately reflects the important characteristics of the population

A

representative sample

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15
Q

With _____________ every member of population has an equal chance of being selected for sample

A

simple random sampling

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16
Q

Correlational research (can/can’t) determine causation

A

can’t

17
Q

The correlational coefficient ranges from ___ to ___

A

-1 to 1

18
Q

In a positive correlation, the decrease of one variable is associated with the (increase/decrease) of the other variable.

A

decrease

19
Q

If no correlation is observed, the corresponding correlation coefficient would be

A

0

20
Q

Two disadvantages of correlational research are

A

It cannot infer causation, relationships may be due to a third variable.

21
Q

The __________ variable is manipulated by the experimenter in experimental research

A

independent

22
Q

The ___________ variable is the measured variable of study in experimental research

A

dependent

23
Q

What is the difference between a between subjects/groups and within subjects/groups design?

A

Between subjects design exposes each group to different treatments of independent variable, Within subjects design exposes each group to all treatments of independent variable.

24
Q

Participants in research must provide ___________ prior to the study, and have ____________ of their results for it to be deemed ethical.

A

informed consent, privacy/confidentiality