Chapter 7: Social Psychology

Question 1

What are in groups and out groups?

Answer 1

In groups: groups that one belongs to
Out groups: groups that one doesn’t belong to

Question 2

Membership to in groups is based on __________ and __________.

Answer 2

reciprocity, transitivity.

reciprocity: ‘you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours’
transitivity: a = b and b = c, therefore a = c (relates to interpersonal harmony)

Question 3

How do prejudice and discrimination differ?

Answer 3

Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is behaviour.

Question 4

What is out-group homogeneity bias?

Answer 4

Tendency to attribute traits to all members of out-group. Belief that ‘they’ are all alike.

Question 5

Describe in-group favouritism and out-group derogation.

Answer 5

Tendency to attribute more positive qualities to in-group members, negative qualities to out-group members.

Question 6

The _______-_______ theory states that competition for resources fosters prejudice (e.g. as economic times worsen, hostility towards immigrants increase).

Answer 6

realistic-conflict.

Question 7

The _______-_______ theory states that prejudice stems from a need to enhance one’s self-esteem.

Answer 7

social-identity.

Question 8

What is a stereotype?

Answer 8

A schema that makes processing easy, based on membership to certain groups.

Question 9

__________ occurs when a person does not fit into a stereotype that would otherwise apply to them.

Answer 9

Subtyping.

Question 10

Subtyping often results in __________ being done by the holder of prejudice.

Answer 10

rationalizing.

Question 11

What is the implicit bias test meant to indicate and how does it measure this?

Answer 11

‘Automatic preference’ for race via measuring reaction time.

Question 12

What is a stereotype threat?

Answer 12

Anxiety surrounding fear of fulfilling stereotype when one believes they may be the target of one.

Question 13

What are attributions?

Answer 13

Judgments about causes of our or others’ behaviour and outcomes.

Question 14

__________ attributions are caused by oneself, __________ attributions are caused by one’s environment.

Answer 14

Personal, situational.

Question 15

What causes attributional biases?

Answer 15

Fundamental attribution errors, often due to skewed perception of self and own role.

Question 16

What does nonverbal behaviour refer to?

Answer 16

Facial expressions, gestures, movements.

Question 17

What are four psychological reasons humans practice affiliation?

Answer 17

Obtain positive stimulation, receive emotional support, gain attention, social comparison.

Question 18

Describe the mere exposure effect.

Answer 18

Exposure alone can promote affiliation, ergo trope of two ppl disliking one another at first later becoming friends.

Question 19

Describe the matching effect.

Answer 19

Tendency for more attractive people to end up with other attractive people and vice versa.

Question 20

The triangular theory of love divides love into which three categories?

Answer 20

Intimacy, passion, commitment

Question 21

How do the three categories of love combine under the triangular theory of love?

Answer 21

Liking (intimacy) + infatuation (passion) = romantic love
Liking (intimacy) + empty love (commitment) = companionate love
Infatuation (passion) + empty love (commitment) = fatuous love
all 3 = consumate love

Question 22

What does social loafing refer to?

Answer 22

Failure to ‘pull one’s own weight’ in a group.

Question 23

By the collective effort model, what factors cause social loafing?

Answer 23

individual performance not being monitored,
goal and task having little value,
group being unimportant,
task being simple/person’s effort being redundant.

Question 24

Describe group polarization

Answer 24

Average opinion of group becomes more extreme.

Question 25

What is groupthink?

Answer 25

When a group ignores critical thinking when seeking agreement.

Question 26

What are some causes of groupthink?

Answer 26

High stress to make a decision,
Insulation from outside input,
Directive leader who promotes their agenda,
High group cohesion.

Question 27

What do informational social influence and normative social influence refer to, respectively?

Answer 27

Informational social influence: adjustment of information, ‘correctness’ of information
Normative social influence: adjustment of norms

Question 28

The norm of reciprocity, door-in-the-face technique, and foot-in-the-door-technique are all examples of what?

Answer 28

Compliance techniques.

Question 29

Define attitudes.

Answer 29

Positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus.

Question 30

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 30

Theory that we strive for consistency in cognitions, and that two inconsistent cognitions leads to cognitive dissonance.

Question 31

Cognitive dissonance can result in _______-_______ behaviour.

Answer 31

counter-attitudinal.

Question 32

Define persuasion.

Answer 32

Active and conscious effort to change an attitude or behaviour through the transmission of a message.

Question 33

What are some factors persuasion influenced by?

Answer 33

The communicator, message, and audience.

Question 34

What is eusociality?

Answer 34

Altruistic behaviour characterized by living in groups, cooperative care, and division of labour.

Question 35

What are some examples of eusocial species?

Answer 35

Bees, ants, naked mole rats.

Question 36

Crowding, heat, frustration, and a monoamine oxidase gene are all factors affecting what?

Answer 36

Aggression.

Question 37

Describe the just-world hypothesis.

Answer 37

People are more likely to exhibit prosocial behaviour if they perceive that the victim does not deserve the situation they are in.