Chapter 3 Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic levels of classification?

A

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

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2
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

-Archaea
-Eukaryotae
-Eubacteria

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3
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

-Plantae
-Animalia
-Fungi
-Protoctista
-Prokaryotae

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4
Q

In the binomial naming system what do the 2 names refer to?

A

1st name - genus (upper case first letter)
2nd name - species

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5
Q

What are features of prokaryotae?

A
  • no nucleus
  • loop of DNA
  • naked DNA
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • smaller ribosomes than other groups
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6
Q

What are features of protoctista?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • mostly single-celled
  • don’t fit into any other group
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7
Q

What are features of fungi?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • walls made of chitin
  • multinucleate cytoplasm
  • mycelium that consists of hyphae or single cells
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8
Q

What are features of plantae?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • cellulose cell wall
  • autotrophic
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9
Q

What are features of animalia?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
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10
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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11
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Species that are not related adapting in similar ways and looking very similar.

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12
Q

What protein is used to analyse how related species are?

A

Cytochrome C - the more similar the amino acid sequence, the more closely related they are.

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13
Q

Out of the 3 domains, which 2 are most similar?

A

Archaea and Eukaryotae

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14
Q

What are some similarities between archaea and eukaryotes?

A
  • Similar enzymes to synthesise RNA
  • Similar mechanisms for DNA replication
  • Production of similar proteins to bind to their DNA
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15
Q

What are examples of evidence for natural selection?

A
  • Fossils
  • Biological molecules (same/ similar biological molecules if species are closely related, e.g. cytochrome C)
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16
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

Differences between species

17
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Differences between members of the same species

18
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

The measure of how closely 2 sets of data are correlated. A value of 1 means perfect correlation.

19
Q

What is a student’s t-test?

A

A test used to compare 2 means

20
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

Structural features

21
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Affect the way processes work

22
Q

What are some adaptations of marram grass?

A
  • long roots: can reach water deep underground
  • Fewer stomata: less water vapour is lost
  • thick waxy cuticle: reduces evaporation of water from cells of the leaf
23
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

A
  1. Random mutation, creating intraspecific variation
  2. Selection pressure
  3. Individuals with advantageous characteristic survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous characteristic
  4. Over time, the group of organisms will become well adapted to its environment
24
Q

Characteristics of artificial classification?

A
  • based on only a few characteristics
  • doesn’t reflect any evolutionary relationships
  • provides limited information
  • is stable
25
Q

Characteristics of natural classification?

A
  • uses many characteristics
  • reflects evolutionary relationships
  • provides lots of useful information
  • may change with advancing knowledge
26
Q

What is the bases of classification?

A

Phylogeny

27
Q

How can you know if organisms are still members of the same species?

A
  • Interbreed to produce fertile offspring
  • Similar in appearance
  • Genetically similar
28
Q

What is the creation of an organism with an artificial genome is known as?

A

Synthetic biology