What are the 8 taxonomic levels of classification?
-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
What are the 3 domains?
-Archaea
-Eukaryotae
-Eubacteria
What are the 5 kingdoms?
-Plantae
-Animalia
-Fungi
-Protoctista
-Prokaryotae
In the binomial naming system what do the 2 names refer to?
1st name - genus (upper case first letter)
2nd name - species
What are features of prokaryotae?
- no nucleus
- loop of DNA
- naked DNA
- no membrane-bound organelles
- smaller ribosomes than other groups
What are features of protoctista?
- eukaryotic
- mostly single-celled
- don’t fit into any other group
What are features of fungi?
- eukaryotic
- walls made of chitin
- multinucleate cytoplasm
- mycelium that consists of hyphae or single cells
What are features of plantae?
- eukaryotic
- multicellular
- cellulose cell wall
- autotrophic
What are features of animalia?
- eukaryotic
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
What is phylogeny?
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
What is convergent evolution?
Species that are not related adapting in similar ways and looking very similar.
What protein is used to analyse how related species are?
Cytochrome C - the more similar the amino acid sequence, the more closely related they are.
Out of the 3 domains, which 2 are most similar?
Archaea and Eukaryotae
What are some similarities between archaea and eukaryotes?
- Similar enzymes to synthesise RNA
- Similar mechanisms for DNA replication
- Production of similar proteins to bind to their DNA
What are examples of evidence for natural selection?
- Fossils
- Biological molecules (same/ similar biological molecules if species are closely related, e.g. cytochrome C)
What is interspecific variation?
Differences between species
What is intraspecific variation?
Differences between members of the same species
What is a correlation coefficient?
The measure of how closely 2 sets of data are correlated. A value of 1 means perfect correlation.
What is a student’s t-test?
A test used to compare 2 means
What are anatomical adaptations?
Structural features
What are physiological adaptations?
Affect the way processes work
What are some adaptations of marram grass?
- long roots: can reach water deep underground
- Fewer stomata: less water vapour is lost
- thick waxy cuticle: reduces evaporation of water from cells of the leaf
What is the process of natural selection?
- Random mutation, creating intraspecific variation
- Selection pressure
- Individuals with advantageous characteristic survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous characteristic
- Over time, the group of organisms will become well adapted to its environment
Characteristics of artificial classification?
- based on only a few characteristics
- doesn’t reflect any evolutionary relationships
- provides limited information
- is stable
