Chapter 3 Classification and Evolution

Question 1

What are the 8 taxonomic levels of classification?

Answer 1

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

Question 2

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 2

-Archaea
-Eukaryotae
-Eubacteria

Question 3

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 3

-Plantae
-Animalia
-Fungi
-Protoctista
-Prokaryotae

Question 4

In the binomial naming system what do the 2 names refer to?

Answer 4

1st name - genus (upper case first letter)
2nd name - species

Question 5

What are features of prokaryotae?

Answer 5

• no nucleus
• loop of DNA
• naked DNA
• no membrane-bound organelles
• smaller ribosomes than other groups

Question 6

What are features of protoctista?

Answer 6

• eukaryotic
• mostly single-celled
• don’t fit into any other group

Question 7

What are features of fungi?

Answer 7

• eukaryotic
• walls made of chitin
• multinucleate cytoplasm
• mycelium that consists of hyphae or single cells

Question 8

What are features of plantae?

Answer 8

• eukaryotic
• multicellular
• cellulose cell wall
• autotrophic

Question 9

What are features of animalia?

Answer 9

• eukaryotic
• multicellular
• heterotrophic

Question 10

What is phylogeny?

Answer 10

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Question 11

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 11

Species that are not related adapting in similar ways and looking very similar.

Question 12

What protein is used to analyse how related species are?

Answer 12

Cytochrome C - the more similar the amino acid sequence, the more closely related they are.

Question 13

Out of the 3 domains, which 2 are most similar?

Answer 13

Archaea and Eukaryotae

Question 14

What are some similarities between archaea and eukaryotes?

Answer 14

• Similar enzymes to synthesise RNA
• Similar mechanisms for DNA replication
• Production of similar proteins to bind to their DNA

Question 15

What are examples of evidence for natural selection?

Answer 15

• Fossils
• Biological molecules (same/ similar biological molecules if species are closely related, e.g. cytochrome C)

Question 16

What is interspecific variation?

Answer 16

Differences between species

Question 17

What is intraspecific variation?

Answer 17

Differences between members of the same species

Question 18

What is a correlation coefficient?

Answer 18

The measure of how closely 2 sets of data are correlated. A value of 1 means perfect correlation.

Question 19

What is a student’s t-test?

Answer 19

A test used to compare 2 means

Question 20

What are anatomical adaptations?

Answer 20

Structural features

Question 21

What are physiological adaptations?

Answer 21

Affect the way processes work

Question 22

What are some adaptations of marram grass?

Answer 22

• long roots: can reach water deep underground
• Fewer stomata: less water vapour is lost
• thick waxy cuticle: reduces evaporation of water from cells of the leaf

Question 23

What is the process of natural selection?

Answer 23

1. Random mutation, creating intraspecific variation
2. Selection pressure
3. Individuals with advantageous characteristic survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous characteristic
4. Over time, the group of organisms will become well adapted to its environment

Question 24

Characteristics of artificial classification?

Answer 24

• based on only a few characteristics
• doesn’t reflect any evolutionary relationships
• provides limited information
• is stable

Question 25

Characteristics of natural classification?

Answer 25

• uses many characteristics
• reflects evolutionary relationships
• provides lots of useful information
• may change with advancing knowledge

Question 26

What is the bases of classification?

Answer 26

Phylogeny

Question 27

How can you know if organisms are still members of the same species?

Answer 27

• Interbreed to produce fertile offspring
• Similar in appearance
• Genetically similar

Question 28

What is the creation of an organism with an artificial genome is known as?

Answer 28

Synthetic biology