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Anatomy And Physiology 219 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Orbicularis oculi muscle vs. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

A

OOM- closes upper and lower eyelids and facilitates movement of tears to the tear drainage system
LPSM- opens upper eyelid

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2
Q

Palperbral conjunctiva vs. Bulbar conjunctiva

A

PC- mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids
BC- mucous membrane covering the whole sclera

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3
Q

Functions of the ciliary body

A

-accommodation
-Produces aqueous humour
-Anchors the zonules that hold the lens in place

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4
Q

Function of canal of schlemm

A

Collects and drains aqueous humour from the anterior chamber into the veinous system

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5
Q

How does iris control pupil size

A

Sphincter pupillae- circular muscle that contracts pupil
Dilator pupillae- Radial muscle that dilates pupil

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6
Q

Composition and structure of lens

A

Three layers:
-capsule (outer)
-cortex (body)
-nucleus (inner)

65% water and 35% protein

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7
Q

How a lens changes as it ages

A

Fibres form under the capsule and push the older lens fibres centrally and they become harder and less flexible

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8
Q

Layers of cornea

A

-Epithelium
-Bowmans layer
-Stroma
-descemet’s membrane
-endothelium

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9
Q

Two functions of the corneal endothelium

A

-Allows nutrients to pass from the aqueous to the anterior corneal cells
-Pumps fluid out of the stromal layer to keep the cornea clear

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10
Q

Thickest corneal layer

A

Stroma

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11
Q

Zonules

A

Muscles that pull on lens

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12
Q

The sclera is composed of what tissue

A

Collagen

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13
Q

Function of the choroid

A

Supplies the retina with oxygen via blood

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14
Q

Components of the vitreous humour

A

Mostly water but also has collagen fibres and Hyaluronin gel (?)

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15
Q

Function of the vitreous humour

A

Allows light rays to pass through to the retina

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16
Q

What is cloquet’s canal

A

It is a remnant structure from foetal development. It runs through the vitreous body from the optic nerve disc to the lens

17
Q

Layers of the retina

A

-bruch’s membrane
-Retinal pigment epithelium
-Rods and cones
-External limiting membrane
-Outer nuclear layer
-outer plexiform layer
– Inner nuclear layer
– Inner plexiform layer
-Ganglion cell layer
-Nerve fibre layer
-Internal limiting membrane

18
Q

Accessory glands of tear production

A

-Krause
-wolfring

19
Q

Valves in the lacrimal sac

A

Valve of Rosemuller at the start
valve of Hasner at the end

20
Q

Layers of the tear film and where they’re made

A

Mucin- adheres tear layer to cornea
-Produced by goblet cells in the conjunctiva
Aqueous- Contains nutrients and immune cells
-Produced by lacrimal and accessory glands
Lipid- prevents evaporation
-produced by meibomian gland


21
Q

Protective accessory structures

A

-eyebrows
-eyelashes

22
Q

Accessory structures for eyelid movement

A

-ocularis oculari (closes both lids)
-levator palpebrae superioris (opens upper lid)
-palpebral conjunctiva (lines eyelid)
-cornea
-bulbar conjunctiva (covers eyeball)

23
Q

Lacrimal system

A

Parasympathetic
-production of tears
-lacrimal gland
-accessory glands (Krause and wolfring)
-movement of tears
-drainage of tears
-valve of rosemuller
-valve of hasner

24
Q

Structures in lacrimal system

A

-lacrimal gland (accessory glands Krause and wolfring)
-superior and inferior punctum
-superior and inferior canaliculus
-lacrimal sac
-lacrimal duct (valves of rosemuller and hasner)

25
Q

Nervous system associated with pupil dilation

A

Sympathetic

26
Q

Nervous system associated with pupil constriction

A

Parasympathetic

27
Q

Pupils are impacted by

A

-light
-accommodation
-age
-injury

28
Q

Pathway of aqueous humour

A

-Produced in ciliary body
-Flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil to the anterior chamber
-Drainage through trabecular meshwork Into schlemm’s canal and then into the venous system

29
Q

Intraocular pressure refers to the difference between the rate of aqueous ___________ and the resistance to aqueous ___________.

A

Production, secretion

30
Q

What units are intraocular pressure measured in

A

MmHg

31
Q

What retinal structures sustain damage with disease progression in glaucoma

A

Ganglion cells

32
Q

Photopic vision

A

Daylight
-cone photoreceptors
-visual pigments (photopsin) (RGB)
-density in central area

33
Q

Scotopic vision

A

Night vision
-rod photoreceptors (rhodopsin)
-density in peripheral retina

34
Q

Monochromacy

A

No colour discrimination. Only 1 cone opsin type or only rods.

35
Q

Dichromacy

A

Protanopia-missing red cone opsin
Deuteranopia- missing green cone opsin
Tritanopia- missing blue cone opsin (rare)

36
Q

Trichromacy

A

Normal vision with 3 cone opsins

37
Q

Anomalous trichromacy

A

-one opsin is faulty but still functions
-protanomaly: red
-Deuteranomaly: green
-tritanomaly: blue

38
Q

Three kinds of cells that connect photo receptors and ganglion cells

A

-horizontal
-amacrine
-bipolar

Anatomy And Physiology 219 (6 decks)

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