Prostate cancer

Question 1

Epidemiology
[…] most frequent cancer in men worldwide

Answer 1

second (lung cancer is top)

Question 2

Presentation
- early - no symptoms
- as it develops:
Problems […]
Poor […]
Blood in […]
Discomfort in the pelvic area
[…] PAIN
Erectile dysfunction

Answer 2

urinating
stream
semen
BONE

Question 3

Non-modifiable risk factors
-[…] ethnicity
-[…] mutation
- Family history
- Increasing age

Answer 3

• African
• BRCA

Question 4

RFs (modifiable)
- Obesity
- […]
-Diet (high in […] fats and […] products)

Answer 4

Smoking
animal, milk

Question 5

Investigations
- DRE + […] […]
- […]
- MRI +/- biopsy
- If bone metastasis - […]

Answer 5

urine dip
PSA antigen
CT

Question 6

Causes of raised PSA
- Acute urinary […]
- BPH
- Recent […]
- […] examination
- Urethral instrumentation
- […]
- Prostatitis
- Prostate cancer

Answer 6

retention
ejaculation
PR
UTI

Question 7

Score for prostate cancer grading - […]
- two numbers A & B followed by a number which is the sum of A+B, for example 3+4 = 7. The value A is the […] prominent morphology seen by the pathologist, whilst B is the […] most prominent morphology.

Answer 7

Gleason (goes from 1 to 5)
most, second

Question 8

Mx
1. Active surveillance - if […] grade cancer, repeat biopsies, DRE, PSA
2. Radiotherapy (curative or palliative)
3. Sx management - […]
4. Hormonal management - if […]

Answer 8

low
prostatectomy
metastatic

Question 9

Hormonal management of prostate cancer
1. GnRH analogues - cause paradoxical inhibition of LH and FSH release eg. […]
2. Androgen antagonists e.g. […]
3. GnRH […] e.g. Degarelix

Answer 9

goserelin
Bicalutamide
antagonists

Question 10

Side effects of hormonal treatment
Sexual
- Decreased […]
- […]
- Infertility
- Gynecomastia
Metabolic
- Weight […]
- Osteoporosis
- Diabetes
- Ischaemic heart disease
Haematological - […]

Answer 10

libido
Impotence
gain
anaemia