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ALL CLASSES > Unit 9 Test- AP PSYCH > Flashcards

Unit 9 Test- AP PSYCH Flashcards

1
Q

Jet Lag (Westward Travel and Eastward Travel)

A

Westward Travel —-> “phase delays”
= easier time adjustments
Eastward Travel —-> “phase advances”
= more disruptive to sleep-wake cycles

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2
Q

Consciousness

A

condition of being physically alert and cognitively aware of one’s self and environment

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3
Q

Unconscious (Freud vs Bio-medical)

A

Freud= emotional/cognitive unawareness
Bio-Medical= lowest level of physiological alertness
- concussion, anesthesia, coma, etc.

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4
Q

Altered States of Consciousness (ASC’s)

A

= any changes (naturally or induced) to one’s normal perceptual awareness and alertness

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5
Q

Altered States Examples

A
  • sleep, dreaming, daydreaming. jet lag and time change, hypnosis, meditation, chemical intoxication, out-of-body and near-death experiences, deprivation of oxygen, sensation
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6
Q

Symptoms and Characteristics of Altered States

A
  • misperceptions of time, impaired focus and attention, change of sensitivity/responsiveness to stimuli, changes in emotion, memory distortion, changes in sensory perception, loss of reality and self control
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7
Q

Sleep (average amount people get?)

A

An average human spends 1/3 of every day sleeping
~25 years of the average human lifespan

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8
Q

Body Size and Metabolism (sleep correlations in non-humans)

A

Larger animals with low metabolisms tend to require LESS sleep compared to smaller animals with comparably higher FASTER metabolisms

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9
Q

Predator-Prey (how much they’d pay)

A

Typically, predators (esp. apex predators) are able to devote more time for sleep compared to their prey who must remain vigilant

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10
Q

Diurnal vs. Nocturnal vs. Crepuscular Amimals (how much they sleep)

A

Typically, nocturnal animals devote a disproportionate amount of their day to sleep compared to diurnal creatures

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11
Q

Unihemispherical Sleep (What Is it and examples of animals who do it)

A

!/2 of the brain sleeps while the other is awake (NON-REM sleep only)
- marine animals, aquatic animals, sharks, some birds

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12
Q

Reasons for Sleep (Energy Conservation)

A

Lowering of body temperature, metabolism, blood and oxygen circulation while sleeping allows for more energy to be exerted when awake

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13
Q

Reasons for Sleep (Body Restoration)

A

-Allows the body and brain time to physically recover and repair itself from daily activities
-“Bio-Housekeeping”
–removal of waste and dead cellular matter
–replinishment of bodily nutrients
–replinishment of biochemical reservoirs
–crystallization of myelin
–promotes immune system health

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14
Q

Bio-Mechanisms of Sleep

A

-Retinal Photoreceptors (rods) detect changes of available light (amplitude)
-activates Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (substrate of Hypothalamus)
–> regulates the Pineal gland’s production and release of Melatonin (sleep inducer)
–> Norepinephrine = maintains sleep
–> Epinephrine & Orexin = stimulates wake recovery
–> Pons is activated to adjust respiration –> Yawn Reflex

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15
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Repeatable biological patters (Sleep, Menstral cycles, etc.)

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16
Q

What two phases are sleep cycles marked by?

A

REM and NREM

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17
Q

What are the stages of sleep characterized by?

A

Distinct changes in neural activity (EEG spindles) and biorhythms –> respiration, circulation, body temp., etc.

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18
Q

Stages of NREM Sleep

A

Hypnogogic Stage- “Relaxed Wakefulness”
STAGE 1: Light sleep- can be easily awakened
STAGE 2: Distinct decrease in blood circulation
STAGE 3: “Delta sleep”
–> slow respiration and decreased body temp (Deep sleep)
STAGE 4: “Deep sleep”
–> Body becomes unresponsive to stimuli
–> Difficult to wake up even by alarm clocks
–> Deepest sleep

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19
Q

Circadian Rhythmic Sleep Cycles

A

Complete Cycle = STAGE 1 –> 2 –> 3 –> 4 –> 3 –> 2 –> 1 –> REM

-Typically, only the first 2-3 cycles are complete (Includes deep/stage 4 sleep)
-Time spent in “deep sleep” (stages 3 and 4) decrease
-Frequency and length of REM sequences increase
-Sleep-Wake cycle adjusts to schedule in 3-5 days
=ensures stage 1 wakeup

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20
Q

Sleep Deprivation Statistics

A
  • 1/3 of all Americans suffer for a sleep abnormality
    –> ~ 40% of adult women
    –> ~ 25% of adult men
  • Each year Americans spend $98 million on sleep aids and $32 million on products to wake up/keep them awake
  • 31% of all drivers reported to have fallen asleep for a few seconds while behind the wheel \
21
Q

Dysnomia Disorders definition

A

Abnormalities and general medical pathologies related to the circadian sleep cycles

22
Q

Insomnia (facts and statistics)

A

-disorders associated w/ the inability to fall asleep (type 1)
-disorders associated w/ the ability to stay asleep (type 2)
-affects 1 out of 6 Americans (1 out of 4 adult American women)
-58% of all Americans report intermittent episodes
-symptoms can be attributed to / compounded by diet, stress, etc.

23
Q

Hypersomnia (symptoms)

A

-excessive drowsiness / chronic sleepiness that is not in symptomatic with other physical issues
-sleep episodes impair social functioning and occupational performance

24
Q

Transitional Sleep Disorder

A

Abnormalities / irregularities with transcending through the sleep cycle stages and cycles
-most common types:
–> unable to progress beyond stage 1-2 (limited deep sleep)
–> 4+ complete sleep cycles per night (limited REM sleep)

25
Q

Circadian Rhythmic Disorder

A

-AKA: “non-24 Sleep-Wake Disorder”
-abnormalities that occur when circadian clocks (wake and sleep cycles) are not synchronized to a 24-hour cycle of day and night (light and dark)
-circadian sleep cycles last longer than 23 1/2 hours
-sleep-wake cycles fluctuate daily

26
Q

Narcolepsy

A

-sudden (typically brief) onsets of “sleep attacks”
-hypersomnia
-sleep paralysis
-sleep hallucinations

27
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

-temporary stoppage of breathing while sleeping
-respiratory arrests can range from a few seconds to over a minute
-characterized with chronic snoring, high BP, daytime fatigue, heart disease, and other conditions resulting from poor sleep
-suspected as a potential cause for SIDS

28
Q

Restless Legs Syndrome

A

-Neurological sensorimotor disorder of persistent sleep-time muscle spasms and cramps
-discomfort leads to chronic sleep interruptions

29
Q

Parasomia Disorders definition

A

-abnormal behaviors and/or cognitive perceptions during sleep, REM (dream) and sleep transitions

30
Q

Nightmare Disorder

A

-patterns of frequent, high-anxiety dreams that typically occur in REM (or transition into Stage 1)
-chronic bouts of viid (reoccurring) bad dreams

31
Q

Night Terror Disorder “Night Fright”

A

-repeated episodes of intense fear during sleep causing a person to abruptly wake up in panic
-typically causing a person to abruptly wake up in panic
-typically occurs early in night’s sleep - Stage 4
- fear response is not triggered by a bad dream = panic attack

32
Q

Sleep Hallucination Disorder

A

-sensory illusions (dreams) that occur / continue in hypnogogic states and wake-recover transitions
-described as very real and vivid (visual) images

33
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

-residual REM atone that persists into wake-recovery
= awake and alert but unstable to move or sleep
=paralysis ranges from a few seconds to +/- 1 min.

33
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

-residual REM atone that persists into wake-recovery
= awake and alert but unstable to move or sleep
-paralysis ranges from a few seconds to +/- 1 min.

34
Q

Sleepwalking Disorder

A

-nighttime “wandering” while asleep
-stage 4 abnormality - not REM (not a dream)
-person becomes susceptible to fall and injury

35
Q

Dreams (bio-cognitive explinations)

A

Everyone dreams Everyday
-assuming they sleep according to a healthy circadian rhythmic sleep cycle with REM
-exeptions…
–> severe intellectual disabilities (IQ’s < ~ 50)
–> neurological sleep abnormalities (no REM cycle)
–> physical brain trauma (post concussion syndrome)

36
Q

Dream Memory

A

-as with all memories, dreams are initially recorded into fragile sensory level (not encoded into STM by the Hippocampus)
-typically, the reticular activating system will filter and discard dream sensations within 2-4 seconds
-dreams are more likely to be recalled when…
–> wake during REM sleep
–> the RF becomes aroused = danger detection
- emotional significance - scary, exceptionally odd, etc.

37
Q

Hemispherical Lateralization

A
  • neural electricity indicated the brain’s right hemisphere becomes significantly more active during REM sleep
    -left hemisphere decreases in neural activity
38
Q

REM Sleep (rapid eye movement)

A

= “active sleep” or “paradoxical sleep stage”
-biorythmic recovery
-neural-cortical recovery
–> brain activity resembles conscious alertness
Atonia= suppressed muscle tone and natural paralysis of voluntary motor control (= safety precaution)

39
Q

REM Sleep continued

A
  • Number or REM cycles increase by frequency and by length as sleep progresses towards morning wakeup
    -amount of time spent dreaming factored upon the neural plasticity of the brain
    –>infants spend 8 hours per day in REM sleep
    –>adults 70 plus spend less than one hour per day in REM
40
Q

Activation Synthesis Hypothesis

A

-dreams are the remnants of “insignificant” stimuli filtered by the Reticular Formation and “recycled” by the pons during REM sleep
-random discharges of bio-energies are absorbed into the cerebral cortex (= source of imagination and logical thought)
-cerebral cortex atteintes to interpret bioelectrical impulses by arranging an impromptu story sequence (=dreamscape)
-nightmares = hyperactive Amygdala

41
Q

Unconscious information Processing

A

-REM is an extension of daytime cognition
-information/memory is encoded during conscious alertness but is consolidated in REM
-dreams are perceptual reflections of “cognitive housekeeping”

42
Q

Lucid Dreams

A

dreams in which one becomes aware that they are dreaming and can take active roles to direct the course of the storyline

43
Q

Dream-Initiated Lucid Dreams (DILD)

A

= dreams that originate as a typical dreamscape
–>”reality checks” allow for realization of lucidity

44
Q

Wake-initiated Lucid Dreams (WILD)

A

= use of “hypnopompic techniques” to induce a lucid dream from states of conscious awareness

45
Q

Freudian Interpretation of dreams (Dreams=?)

A

Dreams = “the royal road to the unconscious”
- dreams are not random and meaningless but are the “voice of the psyche” –>wishful fulfillment
-unconscious conflicts disguised with symbolism and metaphor
-dream analysis provides inside into the psyche

46
Q

Freudian interpretation of dreams (manifest content)

A

Manifest Content= compositions of symbolic imagery that distort and disguise the true meaning of a dream
= archetypes (C.Jung)
EXAMPLE: dreaming you on an adventurous treasure hunt in a desert

47
Q

Freudian Interpretation of Dreams (latent content)

A

-the dreams true (hidden) meaning that is interpreted through psychoanalysis
EXAMPLE: Desert= monotony of daily routine of life Adventure search= wishful fulfillment of change

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