MT practice

Question 1

Uncontrolled expression of an oncogene is associated with increased risk of cancer.
True or False?

Answer 1

True.
Oncogenes drive cancer progression.

Question 2

Uncontrolled expression of an oncogene is associated with no change in risk of cancer.
True or False?

Answer 2

False.
They are associated with increased risk of cancer.

Question 3

Uncontrolled expression of an oncogene is associated with decreased risk of cancer.
True or False?

Answer 3

False.
They are associated with increased risk of cancer.

Question 4

There is convincing evidence that obesity (body fatness) is positively associated with cancer of the: [7]

Answer 4

1. colorectum,
2. kidney,
3. pancreas,
4. esophagus,
5. liver,
6. endometrium,
7. breast (postmenopausal)

Question 5

Mutated APC genes are common in many cases of colon cancer. The protein product of the APC gene normally inhibits a protein needed for cell cycle progression. APC is likely what type of gene?

Answer 5

Tumor supressor gene

Question 6

To estimate HDL/LDL by the ratio of apolipoproteins, you would use…

Answer 6

apoA (HDL): apoB (LDL)

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease?
A. Stress
B. High cholesterol
C. High blood pressure
D. Family history
E. None of the above

Answer 7

D. Family history

Question 8

What is a potential confounding factor that should be considered when studying the relationship between fat quality and cardiovascular disease?
A. Type of cardiovascular disease
B. Type of fat
C. Intake of animal protein
D. Gender
E. Genetics
F. All of the above are potential confounders

Answer 8

C. Intake of animal protein

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT contribute to endocrine control of blood pressure?
A. Epinephrine
B. Atrial natriuretic peptide
C. Pro-diuretic hormone
D. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 9

C. Pro-diuretic hormone

Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) is the correct name

Question 10

Dietary salt consumption is associated with hypertension in what way?

Answer 10

There is a positive association between dietary sodium intake and risk of hypertension

Question 11

The WHO/IARC recently classified red meat as a Group 1 carcinogen.
True or False?

Answer 11

False.
Red meat is a Group 2A carcinogen (probably carcinogenic)

Question 12

The WHO/IARC recently classified red meat as a Group 2A carcinogen.
True or False?

Answer 12

True.
Red meat is a Group 2A carcinogen (probably carcinogenic)

Question 13

According to the evidence reviewed in class, saturated fat replacing carbohydrate does not appear to alter the Total/HDL cholesterol ratio.
True or False?

Answer 13

True. Compared with CHO, SFA intake has no significant effects on the TC:HDL-C ratio

Question 14

In the Dietary Reference Intakes, the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for monounsaturated fatty acids is greater than 10% energy.
True or False?

Answer 14

False.
There are no recommendations for MUFA.

Question 15

A large contributor to sodium intakes in Canadian diets is bread and bread-products.
True or False?

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

The majority of cancers can be attributed to genetic predisposition.
True or False?

Answer 16

False.
Genetic predisposition may only account for ~5 10% of the risk for cancer

Question 17

The DASH diet is often recommended to reduce blood pressure and decrease risk of hypertension. Describe the characteristics of a DASH diet and briefly discuss which components contribute to its antihypertensive efficacy.

Answer 17

• Emphasizes vegetables, fruits, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products
• Includes whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, nuts, and vegetable oils
• Limits sodium, sweets, sugary beverages, and red meats.
• Low in sodium, high in potassium (fruits and veg)
• Low in saturated fat (low-fat dairy, limited red meat)
• Fibre (whole grains, legumes)

Question 18

List three aspects of diet (foods or nutrients) that are related to the classic diet-heart hypothesis.

List other [7] aspects of diet (foods or nutrients) that may be related to CVD risk that are not included in the classic diet-heart hypothesis, and, for each, describe one possible mechanism linking the nutrient to CVD risk.

Answer 18

• 3 aspects of diet-heart hypothesis:
  
  • High saturated fat
  • High cholesterol
  • Low PUFA
• Omega-3 FA (found in fatty fish and algae)
  * TAG lowering
  * Anti-arryhythmic
  * Anti-inflammatory
  * Anti-thrombotic
• Fiber (found in whole grains)
  
  • Reduces serum cholesterol by binding bile acids in the gut.
  • Improves glycemic control, insulin resistance and weight control
• Anti-oxidants (e.g., vit E, C, beta-carotene, selenium) found in fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds
  
  • Protect arterial wall and prevent LDL oxidation (inhibiting atherosclerotic plaque development)
• Phytochemicals (found in plants)
  
  • Antioxidant
  • Antiinflammatory
• Vitamin D (found in sunlight)
  
  • Regulation of gene expression (VDR elements in DNA)
  • Epigenetic mechanisms
• Magnesium
  
  • Modulating smooth muscle tone
  • Endothelial function
  • Myocardial excitability
• B-vitamins
  
  • Cofactors for enzymes required for homocysteine metabolism (excess homocysteine is a possible CHD risk factor)

Question 19

Describe five reasons why it is difficult to establish convincing evidence for diet-cancer relationships. In other words, why is it difficult to do research on aspects of diet that may be related to cancer?

Answer 19

• Multiple factors may be related to cancer risk
• Possible confounding factors in diet-disease relationships
• Long latency period (time between exposure & disease appearance)
• For prospective studies & RCTs, need (1) a large sample size, and (2) a long follow-up
• Difficult to assess nutrient intake

Question 20

In the Dietary Reference Intakes, the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for polyunsaturated fatty acids is greater than 10% energy.
True or False?

Answer 20

False.
AMDR: n-6 PUFA 5-10%
AMDR: n-3 PUFA 0.6-1.2%

I guess this could be considered true if you add them together

Question 21

The WHO/IARC recently classified processed meat as a Group 2A carcinogen.
True or False?

Answer 21

False.
Processed meat is a Group 1 carcinogen (definitely carcinogenic)

Question 22

The WHO/IARC recently classified processed meat as a Group 1 carcinogen.
True or False?

Answer 22

True.