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FNH 477 > Misc. > Flashcards

Misc. Flashcards

1
Q

A high fat diet may be associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
True or False?

A

False.
The type of fat (quality) in the diet may be more important than the total amount of fat in terms of the link between fat and risk of type 2 diabetes.

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2
Q

The type of fat (quality) in the diet may be more important than the total amount of fat in terms of the link between fat and risk of type 2 diabetes.
True or False?

A

True.

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3
Q

Diet rich in animal-based fats is NOT associated with high risk of type 2 diabetes.
True or False?

A

False.
It is associated with high risk of type 2 diabetes.

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4
Q

Lower glycemic load foods contain less fat and decrease risk of type 2 diabetes.
True or False?

A

False.

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5
Q

Phosphorus is a component of bone which strengthens bones when consumed in high quantities.
True or False?

A

False.
Phosphorus is a component of bone which increases bone mass by promoting calcium retention when consumed in high quantities.

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6
Q

Phosphorus is a component of bone which increases bone resorption when consumed in high quantities.
True or False?

A

True.

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7
Q

Phosphorus is a component of bone which increases bone mass through bone resorption when consumed in high quantities.
True or False?

A

False.
Phosphorus is a component of bone which increases bone resorption when consumed in high quantities.

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8
Q

Phosphorus is a component of bone which increases bone mass by promoting calcium retention when consumed in high quantities.
True or False?

A

False.
Phosphorus is a component of bone which increases bone resorption when consumed in high quantities.

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9
Q

Sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with increased risk of obesity because the soft drinks replace water in fluid consumption, making GI tract function slower.
True or False?

A

False.
Sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with increased risk of obesity because high-fructose corn syrup used in these beverages is not under the same metabolic control as glucose.

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10
Q

Sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with increased risk of obesity because soft drinks may replace water consumption, leading to dehydration and compensatory over eating.
True or False?

A

False.
Sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with increased risk of obesity because high-fructose corn syrup used in these beverages is not under the same metabolic control as glucose.

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11
Q

Sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with increased risk of obesity because soft drinks do not contain fiber, which makes the emptying of the GI tract faster.
True or False?

A

False.
Sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with increased risk of obesity because high-fructose corn syrup used in these beverages is not under the same metabolic control as glucose.

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12
Q

Sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with increased risk of obesity because high-fructose corn syrup used in these beverages is not under the same metabolic control as glucose.
True or False?

A

True.

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13
Q

Sodium and potassium intakes are positively associated with hypertension.
True or False?

A

False.
Potassium is inversely associated with hypertension.

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14
Q

Potassium is inversely associated with hypertension.
True or False?

A

True.

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15
Q

Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as:

A

The second rise in body mass index that occurs between 3 and 7 years of age.

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16
Q

Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as the second rise in body mass index that occurs between 3 and 7 years of age.
True or False?

A

True.

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17
Q

Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as a rise in body mass index that occurs in the first year of life.
True or False?

A

False.
Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as the second rise in body mass index that occurs between 3 and 7 years of age.

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18
Q

Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as the second rise in body mass index whose early occurrence decreases risk of obesity later in life.
True or False?

A

False.
Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as the second rise in body mass index that occurs between 3 and 7 years of age.

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19
Q

Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as the third rise in body mass index whose early occurrence increases risk of obesity later in life.
True or False?

A

Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as the second rise in body mass index that occurs between 3 and 7 years of age.

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20
Q

Which of the following nutrients will impact the rate of DNA methylation in the human body?

CHO
Vitamin B12
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Tyrosine

A

Vitamin B12

Also note the other nutrients involved: B6, B2, Folate, Choline, Betaine, Methionine
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21
Q

Is a population-wide decrease in sodium intake needed?

A

Uncertain, because very low levels of sodium intake may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

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22
Q

Would you recommend high dose of beta-carotene supplements for reduction of cancer risk to someone who used to smoke?

A

No, because high dose of beta-carotene supplements increase risk of lung cancer in individuals who smoke or used to smoke.

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23
Q

Elizabeth, 35 years old, heard from her doctor that she is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease development. She
wants to take steps to reduce the risk. Give 3 recommendations for what she should do.

A
  1. Increase vitamin D intake because low vitamin D is associated with higher risk of CVD.
  2. Increase vitamin E intake because anti-oxidants may protect the arterial wall and prevent LDL oxidation and hence atherosclerosis
  3. Increase intake of fiber-rich foods because fiber improves glycemic control, insulin resistance, and weight control
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24
Q

Elizabeth, 35 years old, heard from her doctor that she is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease development.

She should increase vitamin D intake because low vitamin D is associated with higher risk of CVD.

True or False?

A

True.

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25
Q

Elizabeth, 35 years old, heard from her doctor that she is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease development.

She should decrease magnesium intake because high magnesium is associated with higher risk of CVD.

True or False?

A

False.
Low magnesium is associated with higher risk for CHD.

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26
Q

Elizabeth, 35 years old, heard from her doctor that she is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease development.

She should decrease magnesium intake because high magnesium is associated with higher risk of CVD.

True or False?

A

False.
Low magnesium is associated with higher risk for CHD.

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27
Q

Elizabeth, 35 years old, heard from her doctor that she is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease development.

She should increase vitamin E because anti-oxidants may protect the arterial wall and prevent LDL oxidation and hence atherosclerosis.

True or False?

A

True.

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28
Q

Elizabeth, 35 years old, heard from her doctor that she is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease development.

She should increase intake of fiber-rich foods because fiber improves glycemic control.

True or False?

A

True.

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29
Q

Low vitamin D is associated with higher risk of CVD.
True or False?

A

True.

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30
Q

High magnesium is associated with higher risk of CVD.
True or False?

A

False.
Low magnesium is associated with higher risk.

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31
Q

Low magnesium is associated with increased CHD risk.
True or False?

A

True.

32
Q

Vitamin E can protect the arterial wall and prevent atherosclerosis.
True or False?

A

True.
Vitamin is an an antioxidant which may protect the arterial wall and prevent LDL oxidation and hence atherosclerosis.

33
Q

Fiber-rich foods improve glycemic control, insulin resistance and weight control.
True or False?

A

True.

34
Q

Fiber-rich foods improve [3]

A
  1. Glycemic control
  2. Insulin resistance
  3. Weight control
35
Q
A

Omega-3 FA deficiency during fetal development although corrected in early life is sufficient to cause increased food intake in the offspring

36
Q

Paternal olfactory experience can be transferred to future generations only if similar olfactory exposure will occur in utero.
True or False?

A

False.
This occurs because of epigenetic changes in sperm DNA.

37
Q

Paternal olfactory experience can be transferred to future generations only if similar olfactory exposure will occur in first months of life.
True or False?

A

False.
This occurs because of epigenetic changes in sperm DNA.

38
Q

Paternal olfactory experience can be transferred to future generations because of genetic changes in sperm DNA.
True or False?

A

False.
This occurs because of epigenetic changes in sperm DNA.

39
Q

Paternal olfactory experience can be transferred to future generations because of epigenetic changes in sperm DNA.
True or False?

A

True.

40
Q

Paternal experiences cannot impact the health of the offspring later in life.
True or False?

A

False.

41
Q

Vitamin D and […] complex binds to […] and regulates […], which is a possible mechanism of protective effects of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease.

A

Vitamin D and receptor complex binds to DNA and regulates gene expression, which is a possible mechanism of protective effects of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease.

42
Q

What is a possible mechanism of the protective effects of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease?

A

Vitamin D and receptor complex binds to DNA and regulates gene expression.

43
Q

Bone remodelling primarily occurs in childhood and adolescence.
True or False?

A

False.
Bone remodelling occurs throughout lifespan.
Bone MODELLING occurs mainly in childhood and adolescence.

44
Q

How is diabetes diagnosed? Describe 3 methods.

A
  1. Fasting plasma glucose level
  2. Oral glucose tolerance test: within 2 hours post glucose consumpton
  3. Glycated hemoglobin A1C: reflects blood glucose levels within last 2-3 months
45
Q

Desribe two ways in which sodium intake can be measured. For each, list one strength and three possible limitations.

A
  • Dietary estimates (recalls/records/FFQ)
    • Simple, non-invasive, can be done remotely
    • Over/underestimate portion sizes
    • Missed addition of salt/condiments at table
    • Differences in sodium content of similar foods
    • Accurate database for sodium content of foods
    • Single recall may not be representative of usual intakes
  • Urinary sodium excretion (approximates intake, urinary collection at one point or over 24 hours)
    • Semi-quantitative, takes into account absorption and sodium balance, more accurate than dietary measures
    • Influenced by medical conditions and hydration status
    • Incomplete collection
    • High participant burden (may lead to drop-outs)
    • Differences in losses in sweat & feces
    • Lab error and day to day variation
    • Modifying intake because know being measured
46
Q

What is relative risk (RR) and what is a 95% confidence interval (CI)?

A
  • RR = likelihood that outcome occurs in exposed compard to unexposed group, equal to risk of outcome among exposed over risk of outcome among unexposed
  • 95% CI = range of values we are fairly sure our true value lies; RR is statistically significant when CI does NOT include 1.0.
47
Q

Explain how vitamin D is related to calcium and implications of low vitamin D or calcium intakes for bone health.

A
  • Vitamin D is important for increasing serum calcium levels. Vitamin D:
    • Increases calcium reabsorption in kidney
    • Increases calcium absorption in intestine
    • Increases resorption of calcium (demineralization) from bone
  • With inadequate vitamin D intakes, calcium absorption and reabsorption will be lower, and therefore less calcium will be available for bone.
  • With inadequate calcium intakes, vitamin D will ‘steal’ calcium from bone to maintain serum calcium levels.
  • Thus, adequate intakes of both are important for bone health.
48
Q

In what situations would you expect the renin-angiotensin system to be activated? [3]

A
  • Low BP
  • Low ECF fluid volume
  • Low plasma sodium
49
Q

Fill in the blank for 1 and 2.

A
  1. Renin
  2. Aldosterone
50
Q

Obesity class II is defined as a BMI of…

A

35 - 39.9

51
Q

BMI is not used as an indicator for children.
True or False.

A

False.
BMI-for-age percentiles are used to assess adiposity in childhood, with ≥ 85 th percentile considered overweight and ≥ 95th percentile considered obese

52
Q

BMI-for-age percentiles are used to assess adiposity in childhood, with ≥ 85 th percentile considered overweight and ≥ 95th percentile considered obese.
True or False?

A

True.

53
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Canada?

A

Cancer

54
Q

Ghrelin is a peptide that inhibits appetite.
True or False?

A

False. Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates appetite, so called “hunger hormone” released by the stomach.

55
Q

BRCA1 is an oncogene that drives breast cancer development.
True or False?

A

False.
It is a tumor suppressor gene.

56
Q

Stilbenoid polyphenols modify gene expression through epigenetic
mechanisms which may explain their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
True or False?

A

True.

57
Q

Intermittent fasting attenuates hallmarks of dementia.
True or False?

A

True.

58
Q

Due to observed insulin resistance in the brain, Alzheimer’s disease is considered type 3 diabetes.
True or False?

A

True.

59
Q

Adding ‘lean microbes’ to mice transplanted with ‘obese microbes DOES NOT prevent weight gain.
True or False?

A

False - it does prevent weight gain.

60
Q

What are the recommendations for prevention of hypertension? [5]

A
  • Avoid high sodium diet
  • Increase potassium intake
  • Do not overconsume alcohol
  • Exercise to maintain healthy body weight
  • Apply DASH dietary pattern
61
Q

Describe the characteristics of DASH.

A

DASH dietary pattern (Dietary approaches to stop hypertension):
* Emphasizes vegetables, fruits, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products
* Includes whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, nuts, and vegetable oils
* Limits sodium, sweets, sugary beverages, and red meats
* Consistent with dietary habits associated with reduced risk for chronic conditions such as cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, etc.

62
Q

Name three factors that might influence an individual’s blood pressure response to a reduced sodium diet.

A
  • Current blood pressure
  • Age
  • Race
  • Potassium intake
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
63
Q

What might be some of the advantages and limitations of using BMI to determine someone’s weight status (healthy, overweight, obese)? What other measures could be used?

A

Advantages: easy to do, provides quick proxy for adiposity/weight status, does not require special equipment

Limitations: does not give measure of weight distribution, may not accurately reflect risk for health problems (eg. An athlete with a high BMI may not actually be at increased risk for disease). Some studies suggest current cutoffs may not be most appropriate (BMI cutoffs not related to mortality).

Waist circumference: an alternative measure and better predictor of visceral fat; was shown to correlate with risk of heart disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes

64
Q

What is the difference between developmental plasticity and programming?

A
  • Developmental plasticity: particular genotype may produce different phenotypes depending on environmental exposures (organs and systems adapt to cues; epigenetics)
  • Programming: stimuli in early development lead to changes that are permanent (persist across lifespan)
65
Q

What are the three stages of carcinogenesis?

A
  1. Initiation: ranges from minutes to days (short)
    * Cancer causing agent
    * No DNA repair, impaired regulation of apoptosis
  2. Promotion: may last months or even years
    * Altered DNA leads to changes in gene expression, protein function, etc.
    * Cell proliferates in uncontrolled way
    * Alcohol, estrogen in breast tissue, Helicobacter pylori in the stomach, HPV in cervix may act as promoters
  3. Progression
    * Malignant cells invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to other site
66
Q

Define epigenetics and list epigenetic components.

A

Epigenetics – stable changes in gene expression that do not involve changing the DNA sequence (no change in genetic code). Components of the epigenome include: DNA methylation, histone covalent
modification, chromatin modifying complexes and non-coding RNA mechanisms

67
Q

How does genetics differ from epigenetics?

A

Epigenetics can be modified by environmental factors and differs between different cell types and different organs.

The genetic code is not altered (except in some cases involving mutation of DNA, for
example in cancer), and the genetic code is same in all cells of the body that have DNA

68
Q

Define the Diet-Heart hypothesis and list at least 4 other factors that contribute to coronary heart disease.

A

Diet-Heart Hypothesis: according to the classic ‘diet‐heart’ hypothesis, high intake of saturated fats and cholesterol and low intake of polyunsaturated fats increase the level of serum cholesterol, which leads
to the development of atheromatous plaques. Accumulation of these plaques narrows the coronary arteries, reduces blood flow to the heart muscle and finally leads to myocardial infarction. Factors other than blood cholesterol are important in the etiology of CHD.
* Lipoprotein(a)
* Saturated fats/PUFA/n-3 fatty acids (fish oils)
* Glycemic index
* Whole grains/Fiber
* Anti-oxidants
* Phytochemicals
* Vitamin D
* Magnesium
* Alcohol
* B vitamins- folate, B6, B12

69
Q

In adults at rest, the […] is the largest consumer of […] and has a major effect on […], energy expenditure, and nutritional requirements.

A

In adults at rest, the muscle is the largest consumer of fatty acids and has a major effect on basal metabolic rate, energy expenditure, and nutritional requirements.

70
Q

Leptin is an anorexigenic gut peptide.
True or False?

A

False.
Leptin is anorexigenic, but it is not a gut peptide.

71
Q

Cholecystokinin is an anorexigenic gut peptide.
True or False?

A

True.

72
Q

In the viable yellow agouti mouse model, when a promoter of the Agouti gene is […] the mice develop a yellow coat colour and are […] to be obese.

A

In the viable yellow agouti mouse model, when a promoter of the Agouti gene is unmethylated the mice develop a yellow coat colour and are more likely to be obese.

73
Q

Sodium is the major intra-cellular cation, and higher sodium intakes are associated with higher blood pressure.
True or False?

A

False.
Sodium is the major extracellular cation.

74
Q

Clearly describe the mismatch concept illustrated by this figure. In your answer, appropriately use the terms “developmental plasticity”, “thrifty phenotype” and “developmental programming”

A
  • The fetus adapts to the nutritional environment in utero. This is known as developmental plasticity.
  • If the fetus is exposed to under- nutrition in utero, it will develop a “thrifty phenotype” (such as smaller size, decreased energy expenditure, increased fat storage, increased appetite) which helps
    them to survive in an undernourished environment.
  • The adaptations that occur in utero are permanent, this is known as “developmental programming”.
  • If the ex-utero environment matches the in utero environment, the offspring is typically fine.
  • However, when the offspring adapts to an undernourished environment in utero and then is exposed to a nutrient rich environment after birth, this leads to increased risk of chronic disease
    later in life.
75
Q

Why is fluoride bad for bone health?

A
  • substitutes for hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite to form fluorapatite, bones may fracture more easily
76
Q

How is the certainty about efficacy estimated?

A

Certainty about efficacy is estimated based on the strength of the evidence for the association between the disease and drug

77
Q

Is the same high level of certainty required regarding the nutrient intake recommendations to prevent disease as is needed for drugs used to treat disease? Briefly justify your answer.

A

For a nutrient, certainty can be lowered because benefit/risk ratio is usually higher compared to a drug as drugs are more toxic.

FNH 477 (11 decks)

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