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Fundamentals of Nursing > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Pressure

A

BP is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessel

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2
Q

BP is the function of…

A

Cardiac output (CO) & systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

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3
Q

What is the formula for CO?

A

Stroke volume (SV) x HR = CO

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4
Q

Erythrocyte

A

RBCs

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5
Q

Leukocyte

A

WBCs

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6
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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7
Q

Anemia

A
  • Deficiency in erythrocytes
  • quality or quantity of hemoglobin
  • Deficiency in the volume of packed RBCs (hematocrit)
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8
Q

Normocytic/normochromic

A

Normal in size & color

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9
Q

Microcytic/Hypochromic

A

Small, little color

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10
Q

Macrocytic/megablastic

A

Large in size

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11
Q

How is anemia diagnosed?

A
  • CBC
  • Blood smear
  • Reticulocyte count
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12
Q

Causes of anemia

A
  • Blood loss
  • Decrease in RBC production
  • Increase in RBC destruction
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13
Q

Tissue Hypoxia

A

Absence of enough oxygen in body tissues to sustain body function

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14
Q

Normal Hgb level for female/male

A

F: 12-16
M: 13.5-17.5

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15
Q

Mild/moderate/severe anemia Hgb levels

A

Mild: 10-12
Moderate - 6-10
Severe: <6

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16
Q

General Symptoms of Anemia

A
  • Headaches
  • Fatigue/weakness
  • Yellowish skin/pallor
  • Dizzy
  • Numbness/tingling
  • Cold hands/feet
  • Pruritus
  • Increased HR, angina, murmurs
  • Dyspnea
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17
Q

Symptoms of Anemia in the Elderly

A
  • Ataxia
  • Confusion
  • Fatigue
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18
Q

Cobalamin Deficiency

A
  • Deficient in vitamin B12
  • Megoblastic anemia
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19
Q

What kind of patients have Cobalamin Deficiency?

A
  • GI issues/surgery (not absorbed well)
  • Smokers/alcoholics
  • Strict vegetarians
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20
Q

GI Symptoms of Cobalamin Deficiency

A
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea/vomit
  • Abdominal pain
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21
Q

Neuromuscular Symptoms of Cobalamin Deficiency

A
  • Weakness/muscle weakness
  • Ataxia
  • Paresthesia (pins/needles_
  • Reduced position sense
  • Impaired thought process
22
Q

Treatment of Cobalamin Deficiency

A
  • Parenteral Vitamin B12
  • Intranasal Nascobal
  • Education on diet
23
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Lack of all blood cells

24
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Levels of all blood cells are low

25
Q

How does Aplastic Anemia work?

A

Bone marrow is damaged -> triggers an autoimmune response that destroys stem cells in bone marrow -> blood cells aren’t able to be produced

26
Q

How is Aplastic Anemia diagnosed?

A
  • CBC - Low RBCs, low hemaglobin
  • Blood Smear - number of cells
  • Bone Marrow Biopsy
27
Q

Symptoms of Aplastic Anemia

A
  • General symptoms of anemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Increase risk of infection
  • Sepsis
  • Shock
  • Death
28
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count leads to an increased risk of bleeding

29
Q

Treatment for Aplastic Anemia

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (if younger and few blood transfusions)
  • Immunosuppressive therapy
  • Ongoing supportive blood transfusions
  • If severe, prognosis is poor
30
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Destruction of RBCs that exceeds the rate of production

31
Q

Intrinsic Factors Causing Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • Hereditary
  • Defects of RBCs themselves
32
Q

Extrinsic Factors Causing Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • Dialysis machine
  • Bypass machine
  • Parasites like Malaria
  • Autoimmune disorders like Lupus
  • Blood transfusion reactions
33
Q

Symptoms of Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • General symptoms of anemia
  • Jaundice
  • Splenomegaly
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Altered renal function
34
Q

Splenomegaly/hepatomegaly

A

Enlarged spleen/liver

35
Q

What causes renal dysfunction in hemolytic anemia?

A

Since so many RBCs are being destroyed, there is so much waste that the kidneys are working harder than normal to get rid of it and the tubules get clogged

36
Q

Treatments for Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • Supportive care such as blood transfusions or antibiotics/fungals to prevent infection
  • Remove causative agent
  • Aggressive hydration/electrolyte replacement may be needed for kidney injury
37
Q

Nursing Management/Interventions for Anemia

A
  • Remove causitive agent
  • Acute Interventions
  • Symptom management
  • Education on dietary & lifestyle changes
38
Q

What are acute interventions of anemia?

A
  • Blood transfusions
  • Drug therapy
  • O2 therapy for hypoxia
39
Q

Net Effect in BP

A

Increase in BP by increasing both the CO & SVR

40
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Special nerve cells in the carotid arteries & aorta that sense changes in BP & help regulate BP by stimulating or inhibiting the SNS

41
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

Force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels

42
Q

Primary Hypertension

A
  • Unknown cause
  • Many contributing factors both modifiable and nonmodifiable
43
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A
  • Elevated BP with a specific direct cause; sudden development
44
Q

Examples of Secondary Hypertension

A
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Kidney disease
  • Thyroid issues
    -Pre-e
45
Q

Non-modifiable Risk Factors of Hypertension

A
  • Age
  • Gender (men younger, women menopause)
  • Family History
  • Ethnicity
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Chronic conditions
  • Diabetes
46
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors of Hypertension

A
  • Alcohol use
  • Tobacco use
  • Obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Stress
  • Excess dietary sodium
47
Q

BP Ranges - Normal/Elevated/Stage 1/Stage 2/Hypertensive Crisis

A

Normal: <120/<80
Elevated: 120-129/<80
Stage 1: 130-139/80-89
Stage 2: >140/>90
HTN Crisis: >160/>120

48
Q

Symptoms of HTN

A
  • Silent killer
  • Fatigue
  • Dizzy
  • Palpitations
  • Angina
  • Dyspnea
  • HTN crisis may also have headache & epistaxis
49
Q

Nursing Management of HTN

A
  • Past health history
  • Life style factors
  • Subjective date - what questions would you ask?
  • Objective data - heart sounds, cuff size, test on both arms, cap refill, edema, skin color
50
Q

Labs for HTN

A
  • Identify or rule out secondary HTN (diabetes)
  • Determine CV risk (cholesterol, stress, EKG, ECHO)
  • Establish baselines before starting therapy
51
Q

Goals of Care for HTN

A
  • Lower & maintain BP
  • Educate Patient
  • Encourage lifestyle changes
52
Q

Complications of HTN

A
  • Heart failure, dysrhythmias
  • Brain - stroke risk
  • Kidneys - RAAS
  • Eyes - Vessels burst -> blindness
  • Vasculature

Fundamentals of Nursing (9 decks)

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