Chapter 1 (History of Microbiology) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Microbiology

A

the study of organisms too small to see w/ a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Microorganism (microbes)

A

living things too small to be seen w/ the naked eye & w/o a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

classification of something especially organisms
grouping things by similarity (morphology & physiology)
-Carolus Linnaeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis)

A

getting life from non-life (non-living material)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Biogenesis

A

life comes from life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Etiology

A

the study of the cause of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Germ Theory

A

microorganisms are responsible for disease
-proposed by pasteur following fermentation
-particular disease has specific symptoms & caused by a specific organism (pathogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Pathogen

A

microbe that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Fermentation

A

the conversion of sugars to alcohol
-Pasteur’s experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Pasteurization

A

prevent from going bad. heating liquid to kill some microbes
- Father of microbiology –> Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Bioremediation

A

using microbes to clean the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?

A

Dutch fabric merchant
-first to look @ living sample
-crafted lens
-5 catagoreies of miccroorganisms that were decribed by
Leeuwenhoek (Prokaryotes, small animals, fungi, algae,
protozoa) didn’t find viruses b/c using a light microscope
-found “wee animalcules”
-biggest contribution to micro… (royal society of London)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of microbes did he see?
What two things did he do that was so important to the field of microbiology?

A

-living samples, examined water & found “wee animalcules”
-first to look @ living samples & Royal society of London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

A

Swedish botanist
-developed taxonomy
-Genus & specific epithet= binomial naming system using two
names

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define taxonomy
Know how to correctly write out the Genus and specific epithet of an organism
What are the 3 Domains of life?

A

Taxonomy: classification of something especially
organisms(grouping things together by similarity)
Genus & specific: Capitalized genus specific lowercased and
underlined
3 domains of life: bacteria, archaea (prokaryotes),
eukarya (eukaryotes)
Acellular microbes: viruses, virions, prions (disease in
animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What four questions were scientists trying to answer during the “Golden Age” of Microbiology?

A

1) Is spontaneous generation of life possible?
2) What causes fermentation?
3) What causes disease?
4) How can we prevent infection & disease?

17
Q

The Spontaneous Generation debate:
Aristotle
Be able to describe the experiments performed, the results obtained, and the conclusions that were drawn from the results

A

Nile river dry= no life
Water=frogs (getting life from non-life) abiogenesis &
spontaneous generation

18
Q

The Spontaneous Generation debate:
Redi
Be able to describe the experiments performed, the results obtained, and the conclusions that were drawn from the results

A

Fly deposit eggs on gauze
Conclusion: for larger animals like comes from life
(biogenesis)-life get more life

19
Q

The Spontaneous Generation debate:
Needham
Be able to describe the experiments performed, the results obtained, and the conclusions that were drawn from the results

A

-meat/ plants boiled for short time killing all living organisms &
closed w/cork
-Conclusion: spontaneous generation of microbes

20
Q

The Spontaneous Generation debate:
Spallanzani
Be able to describe the experiments performed, the results obtained, and the conclusions that were drawn from the results

A

-Longer boil time & sealed glass & no growth
-Conclusion: spontaneous generation does not happen w/
microbes
Critics arguments: sealed no air nothing grow & prolonged
heat killed “ life force”

21
Q

The Spontaneous Generation debate:
Pasteur
Be able to describe the experiments performed, the results obtained, and the conclusions that were drawn from the results

A

-Neck swan flask: steam escapes air moves out of flask w/o
contamination just settle in bend
-Conclusion: Biogenesis: life comes from life( to get more
microbes you need to start off w/ some microbes

22
Q

What is etiology? What is the “germ theory of disease”?

A

Etiology: the study of the cause of disease
Germ Theory: microorganisms are responsible for disease

23
Q

Robert Koch - Describe Koch’s postulates – what are they for?

A

Koch’s Postulates: process/rules to identify pathogen (4)
1) a. suspected causative agent must be found in every cause
of disease &
b. be absent from healthy host
2) agent must be isolated & growth outside of host (not lab but
human body)
3) agent introduced in a healthy host, that individual must get
the disease
4) same agent must be isolated from the diseased
experimental host (#3)

24
Q

What else did Robert Koch do for Microbiology?

A

-1st to discover a pathogen
-1st to photograph bacteria
-one cell = one colony (cfu/ml)
-simple staining techniques
-Use of petri dishes
-Aseptic techniques w/loop

25
Q

What did Richard Petri do?

A

-the dish (using glass dish)
- used potato (not all grow on potatoes, broth (didn’t solidify),
gelatin (melt & some grow @ room temp)

26
Q

What did Fanny Hess do?

A

-use agar as solidifying agent (she would use for jams & jelly)

27
Q

What did Hans Christian Gram do?

A

-take any bacterium treat w/ staining technique & end come
up w/ pink & purple cells
-Gram + (stain purple)
-Gram - (stain pink)

28
Q

Describe contributions of Semmelweis

A

HOW DO WE PREVENT INFECTION & DISEASE?
-doctor/students work w/ autopsy then deliver babies; babies
die told to wash hands
-Chlorinated lime water (↑ pH b/c microbes die in acid) to
prevent puerperal fever (kill those giving birth)

29
Q

Describe contributions of Lister

A

HOW DO WE PREVENT INFECTION & DISEASE?
-Phenol: strong organic solvent damaging to microbe cleanse
wounds that cause infection (antiseptic)

30
Q

Describe contributions of Nightengale

A

HOW DO WE PREVENT INFECTION & DISEASE?
-Nurse
-Cleanliness of hospitals

31
Q

Describe contributions of Snow

A

HOW DO WE PREVENT INFECTION & DISEASE?
-Epidemiology: study of spread of disease
-pump shut down–> epidemic stopped

32
Q

What did Edward Jenner do? (hint: it involves a kid)

A

HOW DO WE PREVENT INFECTION & DISEASE?
-wondered if infection by cowpox could prevent an infection by small pox
-milk maid didn’t get small pox b/c cow pox protecting
from small pox
-Coined the term VACCINE after the cowpox virus VACCINA

33
Q

Paul Erlich had a good idea. What was he looking for?

A

-search for “magic bullet” for syphilis –> chemical that would kill the pathogen, but not the human host
-chemotherapy: use chemicals internally yo kill microbes

34
Q

Alexander Fleming made a discovery that changed medicine forever. What was it?

A

-Discovered penicillin

35
Q

Spontaneous Generation: This debate is a good example of how the scientific method works. Can you describe the scientific method?
 What are the steps?
 What’s the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A

-Observations lead to ?’s about phenomenon
-Generate hypothesis
-Conduct experiment to test hypothesis
-Based on observed results hypothesis is: Accepted (support hypothesis) Rejected (not support hypothesis Modify hypothesis.
-A hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been done. It is formed so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. A theory is a principle formed to explain the things already shown in data.