Cardiovascular drugs

Question 1

anti-platelet drugs

Answer 1

aspirin, clopidogel, dipyridamole

Question 2

beta blockers

Answer 2

reduced mortality in ischeamic heart disease and heart failure.
reduce symptoms in angina, Atrial fibrillation

Question 3

beta blockers acting on beta 1 receptors

Answer 3

Predominant receptor in the heart SA, AV nodes and myocardial cells
Reduces secretion of Renin in kidneys
slows heart rate and conduction. Increases diastolic time, reduces BP

High does can lead to brachycarida and heart block

Question 4

beta blockers on beta 2 receptors

Answer 4

act on smooth muscle in airways, peripheral vasculature. Skeletal muscle,

Question 5

name 4 beta 1 receptor blockers

Answer 5

bisoprolol, atenolol, carvedilol, metoprolol

Question 6

name a beta blocker for beta 1 and 2

Answer 6

propanolol

Question 7

Renin angiotensin aldosterone axis

Answer 7

preserves circulating volume to maintain perfusion to vital organs. central hormonal axis to the development of heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure

Question 8

antihypertensive

Answer 8

Reduces mortality and progression of disease in IHD. Prevent aberrant remodelling following MI, reduction in symptoms in heart failure

Question 9

what is angiotensin II

Answer 9

potent vasoconstrictor, peripheral vasculature, efferent arteriole of the glomerulus

Question 10

aldosterone

Answer 10

retention of sodium at the expense of K in the kidney

Question 11

ACE inhibitor

Answer 11

++++ reduces blood pressure, reduce after load on heart, prevents aberrant remodelling after MI and reduces proteinuria
—— reduces perfusion pressure in glomerulus leading to renal impairment

Question 12

ARBS

Answer 12

+++++Positive effects- Reduce blood pressure, reduce afterload on heart, prevents aberrant remodelling and reduces proteinuria

—-effects- reduces perfusion pressure in glomerulus leading to renal impairment; hyperkalaemia via effect on aldosterone levels

Question 12

ARBS

Answer 12

+++++Positive effects- Reduce blood pressure, reduce afterload on heart, prevents aberrant remodelling and reduces proteinuria

—-effects- reduces perfusion pressure in glomerulus leading to renal impairment; hyperkalaemia via effect on aldosterone levels

Question 13

entresto

Answer 13

combination of valsartan and sacubitil
Inhibits breakdown natriuretic peptides, increases diuresisis

Question 14

statins

Answer 14

Primary prevention- reduce cardiovascular risk if patients 10 year risk is > 20%
simvastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin

Question 15

loop diuretics

Answer 15

act by blocking NaCl reabsorption in the ascension limb of the loop of henle

Question 16

thiazide diuretics

Answer 16

Act by blocking NaCl reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
Indapamide, Bendroflumethiazide

Question 17

diuretics

Answer 17

Antihypertensive effects- Thiazides eg. Indapamide and Bendroflumethizide
Symptomatic treatment in heart failure- generally loop diuretics eg. Furosemide and Bumetanide
Promote Sodium and Water loss in the kidney (also can lead to hypokalaemia)

Question 18

Dihydropyridine

Answer 18

Block calcium entry into smooth muscle
Cause vasodilation
Less effect on myocardial pacemaking tissue
Eg. Amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine
Side effects- postural hypotension, peripheral oedema, tachycardia (particularly Short acting ones), rarely bradycardia (unless in overdose)

Question 19

Non-dydropyridine

Answer 19

Block calcium entry to smooth muscle
Blocks calcium entry in the myocardial pacemaking tissue
Slow SA node function
Slow AV conduction
Eg. Verapamil and Diltiazem
Side effects- Bradycardia, heart block (particularly if prescribed with beta blocker), postural hypotension, peripheral oedema

Question 20

what are Spironolactone and eplenerone used for

Answer 20

heart failure

Question 20

what are Spironolactone and eplenerone used for

Answer 20

heart failure

Question 21

describe atherosclerosis

Answer 21

Damage to vessel wall
Smoking
Other causes low grade inflammatory damage
Wall stress (High BP)
Healing process
Activation of platelets
Inflammatory cells
Incorporation of Cholesterol
Fibrous cap