Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1011 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

All chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catabolism

A

[a type of metabolism for microbes]
-Break the bonds of larger molecules
-Degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules, a process that yields energy (catabolism)
-Release energy, energy is conserved in the form of ATP or dissipates it as heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anabolism

A

[Type of microbe metabolism]
-Biosynthesis: synthesis of cell molecules and structures
-Requires energy input
-Assembles smaller molecules into large macromolecules for the cell, utilizing energy from breaking down ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

-speed up the rate of a chemical reaction w/o being consumed in reaction
-Enzymes lower the activation energy allowing the reaction to proceed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are most enzymes composed of

A

Protien

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what acts as an organic catalyst to speed up the rate of cellular reactions

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the action of enzymes

A

lower the activation energy required for reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What enables metabolic reactions to proceed in conditions and speed compatible with life

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the AS for enzymes

A

(Active site) where the substrate binds, and some other sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What has a limited range (optimum) conditions they are active: pH, temp. If falls outside those conditions, can get denatured: destroyed

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are enzymes much larger than their substarates?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can be regulated by feed back and genetic mechanisms and recycled

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a substrate

A

reactant molecules upon which enzymes act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They bind with substrates and it causes a change in the substrate and this process can happen over and over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a simple enzyme

A

Just an enzyme that consist of a protien alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a holoenzyme

A

They contain protien and some other non profit molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the protien portion of the enzyme called

A

Apoenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a cofactor

A

A non profit protien (inorganic or organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are coenzymes

A

Organic cofactors- they can detach from the Apoenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the active site of the apoenzyme called

A

Catalytic site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the structre of a Apoenzyme

A

Each enzyme has a different structure. Usually it folded like a gumball (tertiary structure), or it has a quaternary structure (made of more than 1 chain), it is unique and depends on the amino acid sequence (primary structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the active site in a enzyme

A

An actual place in the enzyme where the substrate binds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are examples of metallic cofactors

A

Iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, zinc, cobalt, selenium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do cofactors do do?

A

Assist with precise functions between enzymes and substrates like: chemical reactions, helping to brin the active site and the substrate closer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are coenzymes

A

Organic compounds that work with the Apoenzyme to alter the substrate

26
Q

What is an important component of coenzymes?

A

Vitamins

27
Q

How do coenzymes work?

A

-Remove a chemical group from one substrate and add it to another substrate
-Carry and transfer hydrogen atoms, electrons, carbon dioxide and amino acids

28
Q

In biology what do “endo” and “exo” mean

A

Endo= inside
Exo=outside

29
Q

Where are exoenzymes transported

A

They are transported extracellularly, outside of the cell

30
Q

What do exoenzymes do

A

They break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals
Example: some pathogens secrete exoenzymes to avoid host defense mechanisms and promote multiplications in tissues.
Example: Saprotrophs (free living bacteria): use exoenzymes to digest the dead animals/ leaves- degrade leaves and dead trees

31
Q

Where do endozymes reside

A

They stay inside the bacteria cell

32
Q

constitutive enzymes

A

Always present in relatively constant amounts, regardless of the cellular environment

33
Q

How do regulated enzymes work?

A

Production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of substrate

34
Q

Why are most enzymes regulated

A

Most enzymes are regulated, because producing enzyme at all times is costly, (energy consuming) because it requires ATP

35
Q

What are the chemical reactions associated with regulated enzymes

A

Chemical reactions in the body most often are combines into metabolic pathways , (bunch of consequent reactions) where there final product do one reaction serves as a substrate for the next reaction

36
Q

what us the series of metabolic pathways

A

-Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
-The product of on reaction is often the reactant (substrate) for the nest
-Many pathways have branches that have alternate methods for nutrient processing
-Some pathways take a cyclic form
-Pathways are interconnected and merged at many sites
-Enzymatic reactions (as we noted earlier) are most often regulated (can be turned on and off)

37
Q

what are the two types of binding sites that enzyme can have?

A

the active site and the regulatory site

38
Q

how are enzymes regulated

A

The enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate to the regulatory site

39
Q

what happens when enzyme are regulated

A

When those regulatory molecules bind to that site, that changes the confirmation (shape) of the whole enzyme, making its active site inactive (can’t bind substrate anymore)

40
Q

what is usually the product of the enzymatic reaction

A

the regulatory molecule

41
Q

What must happen in order for a an enzyme to do its job

A

in order for enzyme to do its job, the substrate molecule binds to the active site of the enzyme (created by the unique 3D “folding” of each enzyme )

42
Q

What happens in competitive inhibition

A

a molecule that resembles the substrate occupies the active site, preventing the substrate from binding

43
Q

What happens when regulatory enzymes bind

A

that changes the confirmation (shape) of the whole enzyme, making its active site inactive (can’t bind substrate anymore)

44
Q

What type of energy reactions occur in cells

A

Exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions

45
Q

How do exergonic reactions work

A

They release enegry as they go forward, the energy is availed for doing cellular work

46
Q

What is required for endergonic reactions to move forward

A

Energy

47
Q

Are endergonic and exergonic reactions usually coupled

A

Yes, they usually happen in the same space and time

48
Q

What kind of reaction is atp synthesis

A

Endergonic

49
Q

What is the redox pair

A

Electron donor and electron receptor

50
Q

Characteristics of the electron carrier NAD

A

Most common electron carrier
Carriers hydrogens and a pair of electrons from dehydration reactions
Reduced

51
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

oxygen is the final electron acceptor

52
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

come other inorganic or organic compound

53
Q

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

A

Three part molecule
adenine: nitrogen base
Ribose: 5 carbon sugar
Three phosphate groups bonded to the ribose

Bulky and have a negative charge
Repelling electrostatic charged imposes a strain between the last two phosphate groups
Removal of phosphates releases free energy

54
Q

What is the primary energy current of the cell

A

ATP and substrate level phosphorilation

55
Q

When ________ is used in a chemcial reaction, it must be replaced

A

atp

56
Q

_______ utilization (releases E) and replenishment (consumed E) is an ongoing cycle

A

ATP

57
Q

substrate levels phos-n, oxidative phosphoriation, and photoosphorilation

A

Three forms of ATP synthesis

58
Q

What are other ways that atp synthesis can happen

A

Oxidative phosphorylationm bad regular photo-phosphorilation

59
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

A series of redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respiratory pathway, called Electron Transfer Chain or electron transport system (ET, or ETC, or ETS)

Yields a lot more ATPs than substrate level phs-n

60
Q

What is Photophosphorylation?

A

ATP formed through a series of sunlight-driven reactions in phototrophs (during light phase of photosynthesis)

Yields a lot more ATP molecues than substrate level phs-n

Biology 1011 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions