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Biology 1011 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The ability to react with multiple foreign substances

A

immunocompetence or memory

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2
Q

functions of an antigen (immunogens)

A
  • Chemical substances that stimulate a response by T and B cells
  • Protein or polysaccharide molecules on or inside cells/ viruses
  • Usually, our own antigens do not evoke a response from our own immune system
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3
Q

characteristics of specific immunity

A

specificity, diversity, inducibility, clonality, memory (immunocompetence), immunotolerance, autoimmune disorders

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4
Q

highly specific to the antigen

A

specificity

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5
Q

always at least one cell that can react against any antigen

A

diversity

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6
Q

is only “on” when triggered by antigen

A

inducibility

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7
Q

Rapid attack of T and B cells that have been pre-programmed to recall their first encounter with same pathogen, attack faster second time

A

Memory: (immunocompetence)

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8
Q

Does not react with self antigens. During maturation, the cells that do are eliminated (clonal deletion)

A

immunotolerance

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9
Q

arise when “forbidden clones” are allowed to proliferate and react with self-antigens

A

autoimmune disorders

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10
Q

what body parts have to do with B-Cells

A

special bone marrow sites located in the spleen, and lymph nodes

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11
Q

what body parts have to do with T-Cells

A

thymus, lymph nodes and spleen

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12
Q

characteristics of MHC type I proteins

A

-appear on all body cells including WBC
-each human inherits a particular combos of class I MHC genes
-seen as the Drivers License

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13
Q

characteristics of MHC II proteins

A

-“the security guard”
-found in some cells (macrophages, dendritic, and B cells)
- antigens are bound to it
-

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14
Q

activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells

A

helper T cells

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15
Q

control or regulatory the T-cell response

A

Regulatory T cells

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16
Q

lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign” cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

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17
Q

how do b cells respond to antigen

A

When activated by antigen, a B cell proliferates and differentiates, giving rise to plasma cell clones and memory cells

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18
Q

how do b cells mature

A

bone marrow stem cells become granulocytes, monocytes, or lymphocytes (b and T cells) in the bone marrow

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19
Q

what are T cell receptors made of ?

A

TWO Chains (1+1) , has variable end (business end) the antigen binding region and constant end (anchored to membrane)

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20
Q

How so many T cell receptors were created?

A

T cell receptor is similar to the BCR: binds to antigen (antigen binding site) by variable chains, top parts

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21
Q

What different in T cell receptor

A

binds to MHC I and II of APC; needs APC (antigen presenting cell) to become activated

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22
Q

Variety of Ag binding site?

A

made through the somatic gene recombination

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23
Q

Six (6) Antibody Functions

A

-Binding to bacteria and neutralizing them
-Help macrophages (opsonized bugs are easily consumed)
-Neutralization –binding to viral proteins)
-Agglutination: “clumping” of bacterial cells
-Attract complement to kill bugs
-Binding to protein toxins (and neutralizing it

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24
Q

types of immunity

A

passive, active, artificial, and natural

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25
Q

Passive immunity

A

Means that there are no memory cells

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26
Q

Active immunity

A

Includes memory cells

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27
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Introduced artificially like by a doctor

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28
Q

Natural immunity

A

Happens spontaneously

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29
Q

What is artificial passive immunization

A

An injection of pre made antibodies (contains no memory (b and T cells) does not last

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30
Q

Characterisitics of artificial passive immunization

A

(taken from some immune patients or manufactured in the lab) and injected into patients; Protection lasts 2 to 3 months, Used for treatment for primary immunodeficiency: (born with it), or acquired (like HIV/AIDS)

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31
Q

Types of vaccines

A

Live (attenuated), subunit, DNA or mRNA, natural active immunity

32
Q

Characteristics of live (attenuated) vaccines

A

-weakens the whole cells or viruses
- provides long lasting protection
-usually fewer doses

33
Q

Characteristics of subunit vaccines

A

-part of pathogenic organisms (lipopolysaccharides, exotoxins)

34
Q

Characteristics of DNA or mRNA vaccines

A

-pathogenic DNA or mRNA is used and it is introduced into the human
-human own cells will manufacture the foreign protien (like the spike from covid 19 vaccine) based on the dna or rna
-the foreign protiens recognized by us as foreign antigens and the active immune response is made

35
Q

Characteristics of natural active immunity

A

-primary and secondary immune response (no shortcut, you go through full blown disease , memory cells are created

36
Q

Common side effects of vaccines

A

-reactions at the injection site
-fever
-some people have allergies

37
Q

Types of hypersensitivitya

A

Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV

38
Q

What is hypersensitivity

A

–inappropriate immune response that results in host damage

39
Q

Two major types of hypersensitivity

A

two major types of hypersensitivity: antibody-mediated and cell-mediated

40
Q

How re hypersensitivity diseases categorized

A

according to antigens and effector mechanisms that produce disease

41
Q

Allergy

A

Antibody-mediated immediate hypersensitivity

42
Q

What causes allergies

A

Caused by release of vasoactive products from I g E antibody-coated mast cells

43
Q

Can allergies be life threatening

A

Yes, anaphylaxis

44
Q

Autoimmune conditions

A

Occur when T and B cells are activated to produce immune reactions against self proteins

45
Q

Two need to know auto immune disorders

A

-Type 1 diabetes mellitus: congenital (inherited) (pancreas is affected), type IV : cell-mediated immunity against the beta cells of pancreas: causes its destruction, inability to produce insulin
–Rheumatoid arthiritis (cartillage is affected): autoantibodies against your own IgG, make complexes and deposited into cartillage tissue causing inflammation and damage

46
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Active adaptive immunity is critical for infectious disease resistance

47
Q

SCID

A

–Severe combined immune deficiency syndrome (S C I D) is a serious, congenital deficiency of both B and T cells
▪Patients live a restricted life, limiting their exposure to pathogens (“Boy in the Bubble” syndrome)

48
Q

AIDS

A

–Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by H I V infection that progresses and kills C D4+ T cells
▪Patients are prone to opportunistic infections and cancer, since they are deficient in T cell help

49
Q

What are the three categories of identifying genus and species

A

Phenotypic, immunologic, genotypic

50
Q

Describe phenotypic identification

A

Observation of microbe’s microscopic and macroscopic morphology, physiology, and biochemical properties (a lot of “tube” tests: change of the color of the medium)

51
Q

Describe immunologic identification

A

Analysis of microbe using antibodies, or of patients’ antibodies using pre-made antigens (factory)

52
Q

Describe genotypic identification

A

Analysis of microbe’s DNA or RNA (electrophoresis)

53
Q

Types of specimen collection

A

Saliva, mouth swab, skin swab, blood work, unripe samples, spinal tap, feces

54
Q

What is the first step of lab technique

A

First you have to analyze the patient for any symptoms of a microbial infection
- fever, wound issues, mucus production, abnormal lesions

55
Q

What is the second step in lab technique

A

Specimen collection and analysis

56
Q

What are direct test done in the lab

A

Microscopic, immunologic, and genetic methods

57
Q

Used to encourage the growth of the suspended pathogen

A

Selective media

58
Q

Let’s a group of closely related microbes to grow demonstrate different characteristics & fermentation types

A

Differential media

59
Q

Production of acid and or gas. Hydrolysis of gelatin, starch, and other polymers

A

Carbohydrate fermentation

60
Q

What are the three actions of enzymes

A

Catalase, oxidase, coagulase various by products of metabolism

61
Q

A key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters

A

Dichotomous key

62
Q

Modern serological methods

A

Sera, urine, spinal fluid, whole tissue, saliva

63
Q

Agglutination

A

( a “rough”test): ABO blood type
-Antigens are whole cells such as RBCs, bacteria, or viruses displaying surface antigens
-The positive test result is a clearly visible clumping

64
Q

Precipitation

A

(fine –tuned)
-Antigen is a soluble molecule (requires multiple dilutions)
-A cloudy zone forms where antigen –a/b reaction occurs

65
Q

What things happen in both precipitation and agglutination

A

When antigen and antibody concentrations are optimal, antigen is interlinked by several antibodies to form insoluble aggregates that settle out in solution

66
Q

Where can lateral flow test be found

A

They can be found in drug store pregnancy test and raid strep throat test in the doctors office

67
Q

How do lateral flow test work?

A

Antigen and antibody reaction results in color change

68
Q

What is a fluorescent antibody

A

An antibody labeled by a flourescent dye

69
Q

Unknown test specimen or antigen is fixed to a slide and exposed to a FAb solution of known composition

A

Direct testing

70
Q

Antibodies used recognize the Fc region of antibodies in patient serum

A

Indirect testing

71
Q

Known antibody is absorbed to a well and incubated with an unknown antigen

A

Direct Elisa

72
Q

How do you know if the direct ELISA is positive?

A

The color will change

73
Q

Antigen or antibody is introduced into a patient to elicit some sort of visible reaction

A

In Vito testing

74
Q

What causes the appearance id a red, raised, thickened lesion

A

It’s called the tuberculin reaction, once the patient is injected with a small amount of purified protien derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicating that you have had tuberculosis

75
Q

What is the purpose of a specificity test

A

test to focus on only a certain antibody or antigen

76
Q

Specificity does not react with______

A

Unrelated or distantly related antigens

Biology 1011 (4 decks)

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