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Anatomy > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What can periodontitis contribute to

A

Chronic inflammation in the body

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2
Q

What are the kidneys

A

Excretory organs
They process blood and rot the body of the waste products of metabolism via urine

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3
Q

What is a main function of the kidneys

A

To maintain the internal homeostasis of fluid

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4
Q

Explain how the kidneys play an important role in maintaining blood pressure

A

They control levels of fluid and electrolytes such as sodium in the blood

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5
Q

What role do the kidneys play in red blood cell formation

A

They secrete the hormone erythropoietin which signals to the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells s

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6
Q

What is included in the anatomy of the urinary system

A
  • two kidneys (produce urine)
  • ureters (conveys urine)
  • bladder (stored)
  • urethra (void urine)
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7
Q

Where do the kidneys lie

A

Lie behind the peritoneal cavity they are encased in renal fat pad

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8
Q

What are the three distinct part of the kidneys

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • pelvis
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9
Q

What is the function of the cortex

A

Contains 85% of all kidney tubules (nephrons)

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10
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

The site where urine is concentrated
Prevents excess water loss

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11
Q

What is the function of the pelvis

A

Collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter

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12
Q

What artery supplies the kidneys

A

The renal artery delivers blood from the abdominal aorta

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13
Q

How much blood is processed per minute in the kidneys

A

Process 1.2 litres blood per minute (1/5 cardiac output)

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14
Q

Name the blood vessels of the kidneys

A
  • renal artery
  • segmental arteries
  • lobar arteries
  • interlobular arteries
  • arcuate arteries
  • interlobular arteries
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15
Q

Describe the blood flow after the interlobular arteries

A

> afferent arterioles > globular capillaries > efferent arterioles > pertitubular capillaries (vasa recta) > interlobular veins

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16
Q

What is a nephron

A

The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney

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17
Q

What is the function of the nephron

A

Structured optimally evolved to filter blood plasma…

And excrete waste products in the metabolism in urine

  • cortical nephrons
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
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18
Q

Name the different parts of the nephron

A
  • glomerus
  • bowman’s capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting tubule

To ureter

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19
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the nephron

A

Glomerulus > bowman’s capsule > proximal convoluted tubule > loop of henle > distal convoluted tubule > collecting duct

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20
Q

What parts of the nephron are responsible for filtration

A

Glomerus
Bowman’s capsule

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21
Q

What is included in the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerus
  • bowman’s capsule
22
Q

What is the renal tubule composed of

A

-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of henle
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct

23
Q

What is the glomerulus

A
  • a network of fine capillaries
  • a single layer of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane
  • Fenestrated
  • enables rapid filtration of blood plasma
  • surrounded by bowman’s capsule
24
Q

What is bowmans capsule

A
  • a cup like structure surrounding the glomerulus
25
Q

What is bowmans space filled with

A

Filtered from the blood is collected in the nephron

26
Q

What is the parietal outer layer

A

simple squamous epithelium

27
Q

What is the visceral (inner) layer comprised of

A

comprised of specialised epithelium

28
Q

What are the long branched processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries called

A

Pedicels of podocytes

29
Q

What forms the filtration barrier

A

The glomerular endothelium, basement membrane and pedicels form the filtration barrier

30
Q

Describe the filtration barrier

A

Pedicels share basement membrane with the Fenestrated endothelium

The filtration barrier freely permeable to water and small molecules but not large proteins or cells

31
Q

What determines which molecules are filtered

A

Size and charge of filtration

32
Q

What is the first step in blood processing called

A

Glomerular filtration

33
Q

Describe the process of glomerular filtration

A

1) unfiltered blood arrives at the glomerulus via and the afferent arteriole
2) blood components filtered through the filtration barrier
3) filtered blood exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

34
Q

What is filtered in the blood

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • calcium
  • phosphate
  • potassium
  • bicarbonate
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • urea
  • creatinine
35
Q

What is not filtered in the blood

A
  • negatively charged proteins (albumin)
  • cells, large proteins (haemoglobin)
36
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A
  • the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into bowmans capsule
37
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A
  • primarily driven by glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  • counteracted by hydrostatic pressure in the Bowmans capsule
  • counteracted by glomerular osmotic pressure
38
Q

What is the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule

39
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule

40
Q

What is GFR influenced by

A

Influenced by many factors :
- hydrostatic pressure
- osmotic pressure
- systemic blood pressure
- renin-angiotensin system
- disease

41
Q

What is a normal healthy GFR

A

125ml/min

42
Q

GFR = …

A

Kidney function

43
Q

Reduced GFR =

A

Inefficient blood clearance and waste removal

44
Q

What indicates kidney problems

A

Measuring serum creatinine higher than expected it may indicate the filtration rate isn’t working hence kidney problems

45
Q

Describe stage 1 kidney function

A

Normal
90% or higher

46
Q

Stage 2 kidney function

A

Mild loss of kidney function
60-89% function

47
Q

Stage 3a kidney function

A

Mild to moderate loss of kidney function

48
Q

Stage 3b kidney function

A

Moderate to severe
44%-30% function

49
Q

Stage 4 kidney disease

A

Severe
15-29%

50
Q

Stage 5 kidney disease

A

Kidney failure less than 15% function

Anatomy (13 decks)

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