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Anatomy > Kidney Tubular Function > Flashcards

Kidney Tubular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where does filtration take place in the kidney

A

Renal corpuscle

180 l/day

Glomerulus, bowmans capsule

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2
Q

Where does reabsorption and secretion take place

A

Renal tubule

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3
Q

What is included in the renal tubule

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting ducts
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4
Q

What is the primary site of reabsorption

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

What percentage is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

65%

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6
Q

How much of filtrate is reabsorbed in the the loop of Henle

A

25% is reabsorbed

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7
Q

What percentage is reabsorbed in the distal conjugated tubule

A

8%

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8
Q

How much sodium is reabsorbed in the kidney

A

98% Na reabsorbed - 80% energy consumption used by kidney

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9
Q

What increases the surface area of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Microvilli

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10
Q

What are all portions of the nephron closely associated with

A

Closely associated with peritubular capillaries vasa recta

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11
Q

What is filtered and reabsorbed in the kidney

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • calcium
  • phosphate
  • potassium
  • bicarbonate
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • urea
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12
Q

What is not reabsorbed in the kidney

A

Creatinine

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13
Q

What can be measured to determine kidney health

A

Creatinine levels because it shouldn’t be reabsorbed into the kidney

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14
Q

How does the filtrate move into the interstital space

A

Through passive diffusion

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15
Q

What is passive diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached

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16
Q

What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood

A

50% filtrate re absorbed into the blood and 50% remains in the tubule

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17
Q

The proximal tube reabsorbs … of filtrate

A

The proximal tube reabsorbs 2/3 of filtrate

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18
Q

What follows sodium

A
  • water follows Na+ wherever it goes - osmosis
  • glucose and amino acids co-transported with Na+
  • chloride and negative ions follow Na+
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19
Q

Where is the sodium potassium pump

A

The sodium potassium pump is on the basolateral membrane and it facilitates 65% of sodium reabsorption

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20
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump facilitate nutrient reabsorption

A

By co transport

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21
Q

Why does water follow sodium

A

Water follows sodium via osmosis

22
Q

Na+ active transport facilitates -

A
  • 100% nutrient reabsorption - glucose and amino acids by co transport
  • 65% of water reabsorption - water follows Na+
  • 65% negative ions follow the electrochemical gradient
  • no effect on waste removal
23
Q

How much urea is reabsorbed by passive diffusion

A

50%

24
Q

What happens to the remaining filtrate after reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Remaining filtrate (60l) continues through the loop of henle

25
Q

What is the function of the loop of henle

A

Counter-current multiplication for the juxtamedullary nephrons

26
Q

What are the three parts of the loop of henle

A
  • thin decending limb
  • thin ascending limb
  • thick ascending limb
27
Q

What part of the loop of henle contains aquaporins

A

The thin descending limb

28
Q

Describe the thin descending limb

A
  • freely permeable to water, allows movement of water into the intestinal space
  • does not contain active sodium pumps
29
Q

Describe the thick ascending limb

A

The site of sodium reabsorption

30
Q

What is the role of the thick ascending limb

A

Actively pumps sodium into the intestinal space and water cannot follow because there are no aquaporins

31
Q

Sodium reabsorption is via…

A

Via NKCC2 on the apical membrane

32
Q

How many molecules of chloride are co transported in the thick ascending limb

A

2 molecules of chloride

33
Q

How many molecules of potassium are co transported in the thick ascending limb

A

1 molecule of potassium

34
Q

What is the main target site for drugs in the thick ascending limb

A

The sodium potassium pump is NKCC2 is the main target site for drugs

35
Q

What conditions are created in the medullas as sodium is actively reabsorbed from the filtrate

A

The medulla becomes salty

36
Q

What happens to the water in the filtrate as it enters the loop of henle

A

The water flows out of the loop of henle by osmosis

37
Q

What happens to the concentration of the filtrate as it ascends the thick ascending limb

A

The concentration decreases

The most concentrated urine will be found deep in the medulla

This is called counter current multiplication

38
Q

What is the function of counter current multiplication

A

Without this process we would need to go to the toilet and drink water all of the time

It’s a way to maintain a balance

39
Q

What is the vasa rectas role in counter current multiplication

A

The vasa recta maintains the concentration gradient of the medulla, this is due to the fact that the blood flow is so slow it does not wash away the gradient

40
Q

Why does the loop of henle employ counter current multiplication

A

To reabsorb water and concentrate urine

41
Q

Where is sodium actively reabsorbed in the loop of henle

A

The thick ascending limb

42
Q

The loop of henle maintains…

A

Creates and maintains high osmotic pressure within the medulla

43
Q

Function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Fine tuning - site of fluid volume and electrolyte regulation

44
Q

Explain the role of hormones in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Sodium and water reabsorption are hormonally regulated

45
Q

What is the function of the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Increases water reabsorption

46
Q

What is the function of aldesterone in the distal consulted tubule

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption

47
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Promotes Na+ secretion

48
Q

What would happen if there was no hormonal regulation of the DCT

A

In the absence of external hormonal regulation a large volume of dilute (hypotonic) urine is produced

49
Q

What produces ADH

A

The pituitary gland

50
Q

How does ADH increase water reabsorption

A

Acts on distal and collecting tubules by inserting aquaporins, this allows the water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate

Small amount of urine produced

51
Q

How does aldosterone act on the DCT

A

Upregulates activity and insertion of Na+K+ pumps and channels

52
Q

Describe when Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) would be produced and why

A

Will be released when there is an increase in blood pressure and there is too much fluid in the circulation

Promotes Na+ secretion

Anatomy (13 decks)

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