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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY 22/23 > Hydrosphere > Flashcards

Hydrosphere Flashcards

1
Q

Name 8 physical influences on hydrography and drainage basins

A
  • Geology - permeable, impermeable, porous
  • Temperature
  • Soil
  • Drainage density
  • Tides and storms
  • Size, shape and relief of basin
  • Precipitation - intensity, duration, amount
  • Vegetation
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2
Q

Large drainage basins catch more precipitation so have a _______ peak discharge compared to smaller basins.

A

Higher

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3
Q

Smaller basins generally have _____ lag times as water doesn’t have as far to travel.

A

Shorter

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4
Q

Drainage basins that are more circular in shape lead to ______ lag times and a ______ peak discharge than those that are long and thin because water has a ______ distance to travel to reach the river.

A

Shorter
Higher
Shorter

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5
Q

How does precipitation affect drainage basins

A

Heavy storms = more water entering drainage basin = higher discharge
Snow = higher lag time than rain. Because snow takes time to melt before water enters river channel.

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6
Q

How does geology affect drainage basins

A

Permeable - Allowing water to low through = slower surface runoff
Impermeable - Not allowing water to flow through = faster surface runoff
Porous - Allowing water to soak through and be stored within/ allowing water to run along bedding planes. = slower surface runoff

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7
Q

How does drainage intensity affect a drainage basin

A

Basins that have many streams drain quicker and have shorter lag times, increase risk of flooding

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8
Q

How does temperature affect a drainage basin

A

Low temp = water stored as snow or ice, reducing runoff

Higher temp = melting and runoff increase and increase evaporation/ evapotranspiration

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9
Q

How does soil affect a drainage basin

A

Larger pore spaces in sandy soils = greater water storage and reduces flooding.

Clay soil = doesn’t have as much storage space and rain will have faster discharge, increasing risk of flooding

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10
Q

How does vegetation affect a drainage basin

A

Vegetation intercepts rain and slows movement of water into river, increasing lag time
Water also lost due to evaporation and transpiration, reducing peak discharge

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11
Q

How do tides and storms affect a drainage basin

A

High tides prevent water from entering the sea, increasing risk of flooding. When tidal water and flooding water meet this results in a surge of water ‘banking up’.

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12
Q

Base flow

A

Groundwater flow that feeds into rivers through river banks and beds

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13
Q

Channel flow

A

Water flowing in a river, aka river discharge

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14
Q

Condensation

A

Water heats up and cools down back to water

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15
Q

Evaporation

A

When liquid water is transformed into water vapour

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16
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Mix between evaporation and transpiration

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17
Q

Groundwater

A

Water stored within rocks, rock pores and joints

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18
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Water flowing slowly below the water table through permeable rock

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19
Q

Infiltration

A

Water soaks up and moves through soil

20
Q

Interception

A

When raindrops are prevented from directly reaching soil surface

21
Q

Percolation

A

As water moves through and seeps down the soil it may continue to move deeper into the rocks and settle to the water table

22
Q

Runoff/ overland row

A

The total of all the water that flows over the surface of river basin

23
Q

Stem flow

A

Water running down a plant stem or tree trunk

24
Q

Throughfall

A

Water dripping from one leaf or plant to another

25
Q

Throughflow

A

Water that continues to move downhill through soil and ground which may emerge into river, lakes or streams

26
Q

Transpiration

A

Water is lost from plant through minute pores in leaves.

27
Q

Peak rainfall

A

The hour of greatest rainfall

28
Q

Park discharge

A

Time of maximum discharge by river

29
Q

Lag time

A

Period of time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

30
Q

Falling limb

A

Period of time when rivers discharge is falling

31
Q

Normal flow

A

Base flow of the river

32
Q

Rising limb

A

Period of rising river discharge following period of rainfall

33
Q

What is a confluence

A

Where two rivers meet

34
Q

What is a watershed

A

Area of high land between two drainage basins

35
Q

Inputs into a drainage system

A

Precipitation (rain or snow)

36
Q

Outputs in a drainage basin

A

Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
River carrying water to sea

37
Q

Transfers in a drainage basin

A 
Stemflow
Infiltration 
Percolation 
Surface runoff
Throughflow 
Groundwater flow
38
Q

Storage in a drainage basin

A

Interception by vegetation
Surface storage
Soil moisture storage
Groundwater storage

39
Q

Name six human factors affecting storm hydrographs

A
  1. Urbanisation
  2. Deforestation and afforestation
  3. Agriculture and irrigation
  4. Mining and industrial development
  5. Climate change
  6. Floor management and river basin projects
40
Q

How does urbanisation affect hydrographs

A

Urbanised areas = increase in use of impermeable building materials e.g. - asphalt
Infiltration levels decrease and surface runoff increases as houses and buildings take up all land = short lag time and increase in peak discharge

41
Q

How does deforestation affect hydrographs

A

Increases runoff

Soil erosion may increase and loose soil is carried to river reducing channel capacity

42
Q

How can climate change affect hydrographs

A

Increase in rainfall with more storms and increased in flooding

43
Q

How does mining affect hydrographs

A

Displaces water courses. Lakes increase in silt and this reduces storage capacity and increases runoff and discharge

44
Q

How does irrigation affect hydrographs

A

When water is taken from the ground this reduces discharge - alters flow and storage

45
Q

How does flood management and river basin projects affect hydrographs

A

Alter discharge levels, alter river regimes

HIGHER GEOGRAPHY 22/23 (11 decks)

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