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Bioglogy > Homeosatis And Response- Paper 2 > Flashcards

Homeosatis And Response- Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones can you use to increase fertility (2) and why with pros and cons? 2 cons

A

1)women levels of FSH and LH too low to cause their eggs to mature. no eggs are released, women can’t get pregnant.
2) hormones FSH and LH can be given to women in a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation.

CONS
It doesn’t always work - so repeat=expensive.
Too many eggs could be stimulated=unexpected multiple pregnancies

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2
Q

What is IVF and how does it work?

A

IVF (“in vitro fertilisation”). involves collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm.

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3
Q

How does IVF work and pros + cons? 4, 1 pro and 4 cons

A

1) FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate several eggs to mature
2) Sperm Injection sperm is injected directly into an egg. useful for very low sperm count.
3) fertilised eggs are then grown into embryos in a laboratory incubator.
4) Once embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy.

CONS
.Multiple births
.miscarriage, stillbirth
.success rate low=upsetting
.strong reaction to hormones

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4
Q

What 3 Advances in microscope techniques have helped IVF?

A

1.Specialised micro-tools have been developed to use on the eggs and sperm under the microscope.
2.remove single cells from the embryo for genetic testing (to check that it is healthy)
3.time-lapse imaging growth of the embryos can be monitored to help identify those likely to result successful pregnancy.

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5
Q

What are 2 reasons People Are Against IVF?

A
  1. process of IVF results in unused embryos destroyed. unethical embryo is a potential human life.
    2.genetic testing of embryos before implantation ethical issues could lead selection of preferred characteristics.
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6
Q

What does adrenaline do where is it released and what is it?

A

.Adrenaline=hormone
.released by the adrenal glands, above the kidneys
.response to stressful Situations

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7
Q

How does adrenaline work
what is negative feedback?

A

1.triggering mechanisms increase supply of oxygen and glucose to cells Brain and muscles.
2.control the levels of hormones in blood using negative feedback.

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8
Q

what is Thyroxine job, where is it made, how does it do its job?

A

1.Regulates Metabolism
2.made in the thyroid gland.

3.regulates metabolic rate - speed chemical reactions and process in the body occur while the body is at rest

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9
Q

Negative feedback with thyroxine? 3
high

A

1.thyroxine in the blood is higher than normal
2.secretion of Tyorid Stimulating Hormone from pituitary gland is inhibited reduces the amount of thyroxine released from thyroid gland
3.level in the blood falls back towards normal.

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10
Q

What is a Auxin location where it controls growth, and what are the responses to light and gravity called?

A

.Auxin plant hormone controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots.
.response to light (phototropism) and gravity (gravitropism)

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11
Q

Where is Auxins produced and how does it work where does it occur in the tips?

A

.Auxin is produced in tips
-moves backwards to stimulate cell elongation
-process occurs in the cells behind the tips.

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12
Q

What happens when the tip of a plant is removed and what does extra auxin do?

A

.no auxin is available shoot stop growing.
.Extra auxin promotes growth in the shoot but inhibits growth in the root

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13
Q

what is Phototropism? how does it work? 2

A

Shoots grow towards light
1) shoot tip is exposed light, more auxin accumulates
side that’s in shade
2)cells grow (elongate) faster on the shaded side,
so the shoot bends towards the light.

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14
Q

Method of Investigate effect of light on Plant Growth Responses? 3

A

1)Put 10 cress seeds into three different Petri dishes, each lined with moist filter paper.(label A, B, C.)
2) Shine a light onto one of the dishes from above and two of the dishes from different directions.
3) Leave cress seeds a week until you can observe their responses -seedlings grow towards light

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15
Q

Variables of The experiment (light effect on seeds) and how to control them? 5

A

.

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16
Q

How to investigate gravity in plants? 3

A
  1. place four seedlings on damp cotton wool in a Petri dish,
    2.roots pointing in a different direction
    3.. store the Petri dish vertically for a week in dark. =roots of each seedling grow downwards.
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17
Q

What are the 3 uses of Auxins?

A

1) KILLING WEEDS -
weeds broad-leaved, opposite cereals narrow leaves.
-only affect the broad-leaved plants. disrupting growth patterns= kills them crops untouched.

2) GROWING FROM CUTTINGS WITH ROOTING POWDER -
produce roots rapidly and start growing as new plants. enables growers to produce lots of clones really good plant quickly.

3) GROWING CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE -
auxins added to the growth medium stimulate the cells to divide form both roots and shoots.

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18
Q

What is gibberellin, what is the 3 things it does?

A

Gibberellin is another type of plant growth hormone. It stimulates seed germination, stem growth and flowering.

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19
Q

What are the 3 uses for gibberellin?

A

1) CONTROLLING DORMANCY -
germinate certain conditions
gibberellin make them germinate all the seeds in a batch germinate at the same time.
2) INDUCING FLOWERING -
gibberellin, they will flower without any change in environment. grow bigger flowers.
3) GROWING LARGER FRUIT -
Seedless do not grow as large as seeded fruit. gibberellin grow larger

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20
Q

How does Ethene Stimulates Ripening of Fruit and how can this be used (3)?

A

HOW:growth controlling cell division. stimulates enzymes that cause fruit to ripen.

1)speed up the ripening of fruits
transport to the shops.
2) picked unripe firmer,less easily damaged
3)Ripening delayed fruit is in storage preserved by adding chemicals that block ethene’s effect

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21
Q

What is homozygous and heterozygous?

A

homozygous for a particular gene means you inherited two identical versions.
It’s the opposite of a heterozygous genotype, where the alleles are different.

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22
Q

What two things can you interpret form a family tree?

A
  1. allele for a disorder is a dominant because family members carry it not the disorder
  2. You can work out percentages by who are carriers unaffected and who has it
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23
Q

What is cystic fibrosis, and how do you get it and where 2 places does it occur? 2

A

Genetic disorder of the membranes which causes mucus in the air passages and in the pancreas.
1. Allele is recessive, only one copy won’t cause it=Carrier
2. Both parents have it means you have it.

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24
Q

What is polydactyl? 2

A

Genetic disorder when are babies born with an extra finger or toes
1. always Dominant allele, causes it, only one parent need to have it.
2. defective allele which can be inherited

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25
Q

What does the nervous system?

A

Humans can react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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26
Q

What is in as a CNS? What neurones are connected?

A

Vertebrae consist of a brain, spinal cord
.CNS connected to body by sensory and motor neurons

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27
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Neurons carry information as electrical impulses from receptors to the CNS/relay neurone

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28
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Neurons that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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29
Q

What are the effectors?

A

Muscles and glands that respond to nervous impulse is

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30
Q

What are receptors? How do they do it? What are the types?

A

Detect stimuli
.types: taste and sound
. Form part of a larger complex organisms, e.g. the retina of the eye is covered in light receptor cells.

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31
Q

What are muscles and glands and how nervous impulses received ?

A

effecters respond to nervous impulses change muscles and glands are effectors

.Muscles contract and glands secrete, hormones

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32
Q

What is the central nervous systems job? 2 steps

A

.receives info from the receptors and coordinate a response-decide what to do
.carried out by the effectors

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33
Q

What is an example of a central nervous system response? 4 (cat)

A
  1. corner eye spot a cat coming=stimulus
  2. Receptors in birds eye are stimulated.
    3.Sensory neurons carry information from receptors to the CNS Coordinate response
  3. CNS sends info from the muscles in the birds wings, along motor neurons.
    4.Muscles contract and the bird flies away.
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34
Q

What are synapses and what do they do? 6

A

Connection between the two neurons

1)electrical impulse travels along the first axon.
2) triggers release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
3)chemicals diffuse across the synapse
4) bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the second neurone.
5)receptor molecules on the second neurone bind only to the specific neurotransmitters released from the first neurone. 6)stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse.

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35
Q

What is a reflex and what do they do?

A

Rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli from the medulla (unconscious)

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36
Q

What is an example of a reflex with eye and bright light?

A

1)Shine bright light in the eyes
2)pupils automatically smaller, stops damage less light gets into the eye

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37
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Passage of information in a reflex receptors to effectors

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38
Q

What is a reflex arc process?(CNS) 5 steps

A

1.Goes through spinal cord form medulla
2. Stimulus detected by receptors
3.impulses get sent along sensory neuron to relay neuron in CNS
3. Impulses passed along relay neuron via a synapse.
4. Impulses travel along motoneuron via synapse.
5. Motor neurone goes to the effector muscles contracts moves hand.

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39
Q

What is removed in urine?

A

Urea, ions, water

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40
Q

Brain is a part of ________ and made up of _______ its job is ________ ?

A

CNS

made up interconnected neurones

controls + coordinates everything you do

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41
Q

Cerebral cortex?

A

Responsible conscious, intelligence, memory, language

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42
Q

Medulla?

A

Control unconscious activities like breathing heartbeat

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43
Q

Cerebellum?

A

Responsible for muscle coordination

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44
Q

Label diagram? 4

A

.

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45
Q

Why is hard to investigate brain function?

A

Risks of physical damage brain increase problems with brain function (eg speech)

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46
Q

what does Electrical stimulation do in brains what are the problem caused by?

A

reduces muscles tremors caused by nervous system disorders

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47
Q

Nervous system?

A

Humans can react to their surroundings + coordinate their behaviour

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48
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) what are the two neurons that connect it to rest of the body?

A

Vertebrates consist of brain, spinal cord

.CNS connected to body by sensory neurones and motor neurones

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49
Q

Sensory neurones?

A

Neurones carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to relay neuron’s

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50
Q

Motor neurones?

A

Neurones carry electrical impulses from CNS to effectors

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51
Q

Effectors?

A

Muscles, glands, respond to nervous impulses

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52
Q

What are muscles and glands?

A

.respond to nervous impulses bring about a change
Muscle + glands = effectors
.muscles contract response to nervous impulses
.glands secrete hormones

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53
Q

CNS job? 2

A

Coordination centre

1)nervous impulses from receptors
2)coordinate a response

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54
Q

Reaction time and how is this affected by 3 things?

A

How quickly/time to respond to stimulus,
affected by: age, gender or drugs

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55
Q

what Caffeine is and what does it do to reaction time?

A

Drug speeds up persons reaction time

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56
Q

How to measure reaction time? (7) 6+3 variables
what might you do again and change?

A

1- Sit, arm resting edge table (stop moving arm up and down)
2- Hold ruler vertically between thumb and forefinger, zero end ruler
3- let go without warning catch ruler as quick as they can
4- Reaction time measured by number ruler when caught top thumb
higher number = slower reaction time
5- Repeat test mean distance

6- Drink caffeinated drink after 10 mins repeat steps 1-5

Control variables = same person, same hand, same height

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57
Q

Reaction time measured measured using a computer? 1 and 3 reasons why

A

1- Simple computer test measure reaction time eg colours change
2- Computers = more precise no human error (measurement)
3- Can record time in milliseconds = more accurate
4- Remove possibility person can predict when to respond= body language on ruler test predict and anticipate

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58
Q

Why is it important 2 reasons for homeostasis and what is it?

A

Maintaining internal stable environment.
.Cells need right conditions to function
.right condition enzymes action

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59
Q

What are automatic control systems?

A

Regulate your internal environment (nervous + hormonal communication system)

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60
Q

3 components of automatic control systems?

A

Receptors, coordination centres , effectors

61
Q

What is negative feedback job called and does what?

A

Automatic Control System
internal environment stable

62
Q

Effectors responses are guaranteed how?
What happens when a level changes too much?

A

Effectors carry on producing responses as long as they stimulated by coordination centre.

-could change level too much=Receptor detects then negative feedback happens.

63
Q

Process of negative feedback? 3

A

1.Receptor detects a stimulus level too high or low
2.Coordination centre receives + process information organises a response
3.Effector produces a response counteracts change restores optimum level inc or dec

64
Q

What is stimuli, how does a response differ between multicellaur and single celled?

A

Changes in the environment

.Singled celled = just respond to its
.multicellular =communicate with each other to calculate a response

65
Q

Pituitary gland?

A

.Produces many hormones regulate body conditions
.hormones act on other glands directing them to negative feedback= change

66
Q

what do Ovaries produce and what is it involved in?

A

Produce oestrogen (menstrual cycle)

67
Q

what does Testes produce and what does it control?

A

Produce testosterone
(controls puberty, sperm production)

68
Q

what does Thyroid gland produce and what does that regulate?

A

Produces thyroxine
-regulating rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

69
Q

what does Adrenal gland produce and the response?

A

Produces adrenaline
prepare body for fight or flight

70
Q

Pancreas?

A

Produces insulin regulate blood glucose level
gluycogen

71
Q

which one is more effective at producing a response (Differences) of nerves (3) and hormones (3)?

A

Nerves= very fast, short time, very precise area,
Hormones = slow action, longer time, more general

72
Q

What monitors glucose levels 2 and in what way (negative feedback cycle?

A

Pancreas using hormones = insulin + glyiscogen ( negative feed back cycle)

73
Q

Too low blood glucose levels? (3)

A

1- Glisycogen secreted by pancreas (glycogen goes to liner)
2- Glisygon makes liver turn glycogen to glucose
3- Glucose released into liver by blood – blood glucose up

74
Q

Deamination what does it involve and where does it occur?

A

.Proteins cant be stored properly in body
.excess amino acids converted fat + carbohydrates = (liver occurs) and aminnia then into urea

75
Q

what is Urea, where is it converted and where does it go?

A

.waste product toxic from excess amino acids
.converted to urea in liver.
.Urea transported to kidney where its filtered out blood in urine

76
Q

what are the Ions loss and theirdamages ? (2)

A

1)upset balance water + ions meaning- too much little water taken in by osmosis= damage cells
2)Some lost in sweat and breathing out (not regulated)

77
Q

What controls concentration urine where is this realeased?

A

ADH hormone released blood stream by pituitary gland

78
Q

how is urine/water concentration monitored?

A
79
Q

what can be used to treat Kidney failure? 2

A

.Dialysis treatment machine do job of kidney
.transplant to remove waste control ions + water levels

80
Q

Kidney transplant (2 negative + 3 Positive)?

A

PRO
- Healthy kidneys (organ donor) small risk two kidneys one given away
- Cheaper long run,
- no more dialysis

CON
- Donor kidney rejected by patients immune system (treated with drugs to prevent)
-long waiting lists

81
Q

What 4 hormones control menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, oestrogen, progesterone, LH

82
Q

What does FSH do, where is it produced? (2)

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
1- Produced in pituitary gland
2- Causes egg to mature in one ovaries = follicle

83
Q

What does LH do, where is it produced and what day does this hormone peak? (3)

A

Lutenin hormone
1- Produced pituitary gland
2- Stimulates release of egg
3- Day 14 ovulation

84
Q

what does Effectors working antagonistically mean?

A

.work same time achieve precise temperature = sensitive response

85
Q

what is the Process of keeping a constants body temperature (4)?

A

1)Temp receptors detect too high temp/too low temp
2)thermoregulatory centre acts as coordination centre
3)receives info from thermoregulatory centre triggers effectors automatically
4)Effectors produce a response counteract change

86
Q

Responding too high temperatures? 4

A

1)Sweat produced by sweat glands exporters skin – energy – environment
2)Blood vessels supplying skin dilute =
3)more blood flow close to surface of skin = vasodilation
4)leaves by evaporation

87
Q

How respond to too cold temps? 4

A

1)Hairs stand up insulating layer of air
2)Blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict close off skin bloods supply
3)vasoconstriction
4)Cold – shiver (muscles contract)= respiration needed transfer some energy to warm body

88
Q

Where hormones produced, what are their effects and what is the collective name for all the galnds?

A

.Various glands
.hormones long lasting effects
.endocrine glands (all glands = endocrine system)

89
Q

Deccomodation?
Accommodation?

A

Eye focuses light on retina by enhancing shape of lens

changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

90
Q

Long sighted?

A

Unable to focus on near objects (hyperopia)

91
Q

Short sighted?

A

Unable to focus on distance objects (myopia)

92
Q

Body temperature keep consistent how? (3)

A

1 – balance amount energy gained and lost keep body core temperature consistent
2 – thermoregulatory centre control in brain = receptors sensitive to temp of blood flowing in brain
3 – TC receives impulses from temperatures in skin about skin temperature

93
Q

Studying patients with brain damage ?

A

Small part brain damage effect on this patient tell you a lot about what damaged part of brain does

94
Q

Electrically stimulating the brain? 3 steps

A

1)Stimulated electrically by pushing tiny electrode into tissue
2)giving it a zap of electricity.
3)Observing what stimulating different parts of brain does = what they do

95
Q

MRI scans? 2

A

1.detailed pictures of brain structures find out what areas of the brain are active
2.people are doing things like listening to music or trying to recall memory

96
Q

example of a CNS response? (4)

A

1 – corner eye spot cat coming (stimulus)
2 – receptors in the birds eyes are stimulated sensory neurones carry the information from receptors to CNS
3 – CNS decides what to do about it
4 – CNS sends info to the muscles in birds wings (effectors) along motor neurones muscles contract and bird flys to safety

97
Q

What is a synopses what do they do?

A

Connection between two nerouns called synapse
- Nerve signal transferred by chemicals which diffuses across gap
- These chemicals set off a new electrical signal next neurons

98
Q

What is a reflex and what do they do?

A

Rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain = reduce in injury chance

99
Q

Example relex eye and light?

A

Shine bright light in eyes, pupils automatically smaller less light goes in eye = stop damage

100
Q

Eye diagram?

A
101
Q

hypothalamus?

A

regulating centre for temperature and water balance within the body.

102
Q

What is a nerve?

A

bundle of neurones

103
Q

Common features in the neurones? 3

A

1-.axon insulated by a fatty layer.
2-.long messages up and down the body.
3-.tiny branches branch end- receive incoming impulses from other neurones.

104
Q

How do dialysis machines filter blood (3)?
What is in the dialysis fluid? 3

A

1.Unfiltered blood from an artery in the arm, pumped into the dialysis machine returned to a vein arm
2.Inside the dialysis machine the blood and dialysis fluid are separated by a partially permeable membrane
3. blood flows opposite direction to dialysis fluid, concentration gradient

Dialysis fluid contains:
.glucose concentration similar to a normal level in blood
.concentration of salts similar to a normal level in blood
.No urea

105
Q

How do secondary sexual charactrtics form? 3 things it causes

A

Puberty = caused by sex hormones

facial hair,
breasts,
egg to mature

106
Q

Describe stage 1-4 menstrual cycle?

A

Stage 1= menstruation starts uterus lining break down for 4 days
Stage 2= uterus lining builds up again day 4-14 thick spongy layer full blood vessels ready to receive fertilised egg
Stage 3= egg develops released – ovary day 14 (ovulation)
Stage 4=will menstruated for 14 days until day 28 no fertilised egg lanced on uterus wall by day 28, spongy lining breaks down

107
Q

Blood glucose level too high? (3)

A

1.Insulin secreted by pancreas
2.insulin make liver turn glucose into glycogen (from bloods)
3. blood glucose reduced

108
Q

Diabetes?

A

Affects ability to control blood sugar level

109
Q

Type 1 + treatments ( 3)?

A

Pancreases produces little or no insulin (blood glucose up)

1.injections of insulin glucose removed blood quickly + food digested
2.limit the intake food rich in simple carbohydrates
3.regular exercise (remove excess glucose cells absorb it)

110
Q

Type 2 + treatments + cause (2) and 3 ways to cure?

A

.Person resistant to own insulin (body doesn’t respond to hormone)

1.overweight increase chance (risk Factor) and a unhealthy diet

.regular exercise
.eating less simple carbohydrates
.controlled diet

111
Q

What do kidney do what one filtration and selective reabsorption ?(3) process

A

1 – make urine taking waste products out of your blood
2 – substances filtered out of blood passes through kidneys = filtration
3 – useful substance like glucose, water absorb back into blood = SR

112
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of kidney dialysis? 4 ADV 5 DIS

A

ADVATAGES
.readily available
.No chance of rejection.
.No need for major surgery.
.No need to take drugs

DISADVATGES
.Expensive
.very time consuming.
.monitor diet carefully.
.infections
.blood clots.

113
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body.

114
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Produces thyroxine which is involved in regulating metabolism

115
Q

What are the two main effects of thyroxine? 2

A

. stimulates the body’s basal metabollic rate
. chemical reactions happen at a faster rate

116
Q

What is the level of thyroxinein the blood controlled by?

A

negative feedback

117
Q

What when the brain detects more thyroxine entering the bloodstream?

A

stops produce Tyorid stimulating hornome so that the pitutary galnd stops producing thyroxine

118
Q

What does the pituitary secrete when the water levels in blood falls?

A

ADH- antidiuretic

119
Q

What is ADH’s target organ?

A

kidneys

120
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin and glucagon

121
Q

What does insulin stimulate?

A

stimulates the liver to turn glucouse to glycogen

122
Q

What is Selective reabsorption?

A

absorption of certain selected molecules back into the blood from the fluid in the nephron tubule.

123
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

raises blood glucose levels by converting glycogen to glucose

124
Q

Ovulation?
Mensutraul cycle time frame?

A

When a mature egg is released from an ovary
28 days

125
Q

FSH stimulates?

A

Oestrogen

126
Q

Oestrogen inhibits and stimulates?

A

Inhibit= FSH
Stimulates= LH

127
Q

Progestogen?

A

.inhibts= LH and FSH

128
Q

Sclera?

A

Tough supporting wall of the eye

129
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent outer layer found at the front of the eye. Refracts light into the eye

130
Q

Iris?

A

Contains muscles control the diameter Pupil how much light enters the eye

131
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light onto the retina

132
Q

Retina

A

Contains receptor cells sensitive to light intensity and colour

133
Q

Controls the shape of the lens

A

Ciliary Muscles and Suspensory Ligaments

134
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Carries impulses from the receptors on the Retina to the Brain

135
Q

Adjusting To Bright Light

A

Pupil decreases
circular muscles in the Iris contract
radial muscles relax

136
Q

Adjusting To Dim Light

A

Pupil widens
radial muscles in the Iris contract
circular muscles relax

137
Q

Focusing On Near Objects? 3

A

Ciliary muscles contract
suspensory ligaments slacken
lens to fatten=increasing amount light refracts

138
Q

Focusing On Distant Objects? 3

A

Ciliary muscles relax
suspensory ligaments tighten,
lens to become thinner=refracts light smaller amounts

139
Q

Long-Sighted (Hyperopia) 6

A

-Unable to focus on near objects
-Lens doesn’t refract the light enough
-Convex Lenses are used

140
Q

Short-Sighted (Myopia) 6

A

-Unable to focus on distant objects
-Lens refracts light too much
-Concave Lenses are used

141
Q

Contact Lenses

A

Thin and sit on the surface of the eye and compensate for fault in focusing

142
Q

Laser Eye Surgery

A

For myopia: the cornea is slimmed down, reducing the refractive power
For hyperopia: the cornea shape is changed so the refractive power is increased

143
Q

Replacement Lens Surgery

A

replaces the lens of the eye with a plastic artificial lens
risk of damage occurring to the retina leading to complete sight loss

144
Q

Describe the process of selective reabsobortion and filtration?

A
145
Q

Three roles of kidney?

A
146
Q

Structure of urnairy system?

A
147
Q

Female reproductive organs? 4

A
148
Q

The job of all 4 fertility hormones?

A

Bioglogy (12 decks)

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