Ecology- Paper 2 Flashcards
Habitat?
place where an organism lives.
Population?
all the organisms of one species living in a habitat.
Community?
the populations of different species living in a habitat.
Abiotic factors?
non-living factors of the environment, e.g. temperature.
Biotic factors?
living factors of the environment, e.g. food.
Ecosystem?
the interaction of a community of living organisms
Why do Organisms Compete for Resources to Survive?
.Organisms need things from their environment and from other organisms in order to survive and reproduce:
1) Plants need light and space, water and mineral ions (nutrients) from the soil.
2) Animals need space (territory), food, water and mates.
3)compete for the same resources.
Interdependence?
In a community, each species depends on other species for food, shelter, pollination.
Food web?
The diagram on the right shows part of a food web.
stable communities?
.Stable communities include tropical rainforests size of the populations of all species remain relatively constant over time
What are abiotic factors 4 examples?
Abiotic factors are non-living factors. For example: Moisture level, oxygen level (for aquatic animals), Soil pH and mineral content
What are Biotic Factors and 4 examples?
Biotic factors are living factors.
New predators, Competition, New pathogens, Availability of food
What Adaptations Allow Organisms to Survive (structural 2, behavioural 1, functional 2)?
1) Structural: body structure:
.cold areas thick layer blubber,
.hot areas thin layer of fat, large SA:V
2) Behavioural:
.migrate warmer climates winter
3) Functional: inside an organism’s body: .Desert animals very little sweat, small amounts of concentrated urine.
.Brown bears hibernate: lower their metabolism conserves energy
Adaptions of microorganisms and what are they classed as, what does this mean? 3 examples
.microorganisms (extremophiles)= adapted live very extreme conditions. :
.high temperatures (volcanic vents) high .salt concentration (very salty lakes),
.high pressure (deep sea vents).
Food Chains Show what and what does it start with and how does it explain biomass? 4 points
1) start with a producer. food- sun energy photosynthesis
2) green plant produces glucose, used make biological molecules
3) biological molecules=plant’s biomass - the mass of living material- energy
4) Energy is transferred through living organisms eat other organisms.
1)What is a stable community?
2)How do Populations of Prey and Predators Go in Cycles? 3
1)containing prey predators population of any species limited amount of food available.
2) If the population of the prey increases, population of the predators inceases
3) population of predators increases, the number of prey will decrease.
4)Predator-prey cycles takes a while for one population to respond to changes
1)what is the distribution of an organism?
How to measure the distrubution of organisms? 2 steps
1)where an organism is found.
2)measure how common an organism is in two sample areas (quadrats) compare.
3)distribution change across an area or placing quadrats along a transect
What is a quadrat?
.quadrat is a square frame enclosing a known area, e.g. 1 m.
Method to Using Quadrats to Study The Distribution of Small Organisms? 6 steps
1)Place 1 m quadrat random point within the first sample area.
2)divide the area into a grid and use a random number generator pick coordinates.
3) Count all the organisms within the quadrat.
4) Repeat steps 1 and 3
5) Work out the mean number of organisms per quadrat within the first and second sample area.
6) Finally compare the two means.
How to find total mean of organisms population using quadrats?
How to find the Population Size of an Organism in One Area?
.
Using Transects to Study The Distribution of Organisms Along a Line? 1 and 2
.transects lines find out how organisms are distributed across area
1)Mark out a line in the area want study tape measure.
2) collect data along the line.-counting all the organisms you’re interested touch line.
Environmental Changes Affect The Distribution of Organisms:AVAILABILITY of WATER? (troipcs)
.tropics changes between the wet and the dry seasons more or less water available.
Environmental Changes Affect The Distribution of Organisms :TEMPERATURE?
.distribution species in changing because of a rise in average temperature.
Environmental Changes Affect The Distribution of Organisms: composition ATMOSPHERIC GASES?
what can environmental factors be caused by? 3
.more air pollution=move away from cities
.rise in average temperature due to global warming, caused by human activity.
.seasonal factors, geographic factors or human interaction.
what does the Water Cycle Mean? 4
1) Energy Sun water evaporate land sea=water vapour. evaporates plants (transpiration)
2) carried upwards (warm air rises). higher up it cools condenses form clouds.
3) Water falls clouds as precipitation
4) drains into the sea
How are Elements are Cycled Back to the Start of the Food Chain by detritus feeders? 4
1)nutrients of living organisms. passed up the food chain.
2)materials returned to environment waste products, or die =decay.
3) decay broken down by microorganisms.
4) plants need to grow back into soil.
What is the Co2 cycle? 4
1) Carbon atmosphere carbon dioxide respiration +combustion.
2) Carbon dioxide absorbed producers make carbohydrates and other nutrients photosynthesis.
3) Animals feed plants, passing carbon compounds along food chain. carbon consume exhaled carbon dioxide respiration.-die.
4) Dead organisms eaten by decomposers returned atmosphere carbon dioxide. conditions decomposition is blocked. plant animal material available fossil fuel combustion
What is compost and what is it used for?
.Compost is decomposed organic matter natural fertiliser for crops.
The Rate of Decay is Affected by Several Factors? 4 and explanation
TEMPERATURE- Warmer temperatures decompose quicker increase rate enzymes.
OXYGEN AVAILABILITY - microorganisms anaerobic= more active
WATER AVAILABILITY - Decay faster moist water to carry out biological processes.
NUMBER OF DECAY ORGANISMS - more microorganisms detritus feeders=faster
What is biogas made of, how is it made and why is it useful?
.Made by: Anaerobic Decay of Waste Material
made up: methane, can burned as a fuel.