Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VM638: Parasitology > Dogs & Cats: Dictophyma renale, Dirofilaria immitis, Hepatozoon americanum, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Dogs & Cats: Dictophyma renale, Dirofilaria immitis, Hepatozoon americanum, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Dictophyma renale taxonomy

A

Nematoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dictophyma renale distribution

A

various

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dictophyma renale location in host

A

urogenital system (kidney)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dictophyma renale morphology

A

Large!
Blood red in color with blunt ends
Eggs: lemon shaped, contain deep pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dictophyma renale diagnosis

A

Urine samples
Adults may also be recovered at surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dictophyma renale life cycle

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dictophyma renale environmental factors

A

Eggs require 2wks to 3mos to embryonate
Temperature dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dictophyma renale clinical signs

A

Loss of kidney function
Worms may penetrate renal capsule and wander the coelomic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dirofilaria immitis toxonomy

A

Nematoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dirofilaria immitis distribution

A

worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dirofilaria immitis location in host

A

pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dirofilaria immitis primary hosts

A

Domestic canids
Others include wild canids, ferrets, cats, wild felids, marine mammals, people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dirofilaria immitis diagnosis

A

Test anually
Ag-based tests (adult female uterine protein)
Knott’s test (microfilariae)
Prudent to repeat positive tests or negative results for animal showing clinical signs using a different test platform
Microfilariae must be differentiated from other Acanthocheilonema and other Dirofilaria species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why might dogs be microfilariea negative for Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Single sex adult infections
Elimination of microfilariae by administration of monthly preventatives
Occurance of circulating antigen prior to microfilariae production (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dirofilaria immitis life cycle (words)

A

Microfilariae residing in the blood are ingested by female mosquitoes
Molt to L2 then L3 in 2wks (infective L3s are present in mosquito mouthparts)
L3s migrate through bite wound into the host, molting to L4s in subcutaneous tissues
L4s migrate for several weeks, finally molting to the adult stage
Young adults enter circulation, moving to right side of heart and pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Significance of Wolbachia sp.?

A

Heartworms harbor Wolbachia sp.
When host is treated with certain antibiotics, reproduction and embryogenesis of the parasites are impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dirofilaria immitis life cycle (image)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dirofilaria immitis pathogenesis/clinical signs

A

Pulmonary endothelial damage
Dead and dying heartworms induce thrombosis, granulomas, local inflammation; pulmonary vessels may become thickened and tortuous
Reduced cardiac output, pulmonary hypertension (r. heart enlargement/failure)
Heartworms can be found in eyes, CNS, peritoneal cavity, peripheral vasculature, skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical signs of heartworm in cats

A

Respiratory insufficiency
Chronic cough
Vomiting
Exercise intolerance

20
Q

Dirofilaria immitis treatment

A

Treat infected dogs with labeled adulticides and microfilaricides as soon after diagnosis as possible

21
Q

Dirofilaria immitis control and prevention

A

Annual testing for Ag and microfilariae
Use preventatives all year round

22
Q

Hepatozoon americanum taxonomy

A

Protozoan
Apicomplexan

23
Q

Hepatozoon americanum distribution

A

worldwide

24
Q

Hepatozoon americanum location in host

A

skeletal muscle, circulation

25
Q

Hepatozoon americanum life cycle (words)

A

“Meronts” occur in muscle
“Gamonts” occur in leukocytes
Ticks are definitive host
Gamonts penetrate gut of tick, develop into gametes and fuse –> formation of oocysts
In adult ticks, sporocysts develop within oocysts and dog becomes infected after eating a tick

26
Q

Hepatozoon americanum life cycle (Image)

A
27
Q

Hepatozoon americanum clinical signs

A

Elevated temperature
Weight loss
Anemia
Lethargy
Decreased mobility in hind limbs

28
Q

Toxoplasma gondii taxonomy

A

Protozoan
Apicomplexan

29
Q

Toxoplasma gondii distribution

A

worldwide

30
Q

Toxoplasma gondii location in host

A

GI, nervous system

31
Q

Toxoplasma gondii morphology

A

Extra-intestinal: crescent-shaped tachyzoites, bradyzoites found in tissue cysts
Intestinal: schizonts, gamonts

32
Q

Toxoplasma gondii life cycle (words-general)

A

Obligate intracellular parasites
Found in many host tissues and fluids, including muscle and GI epithelium
Felids serve as the only definitive host
Only extraintestinal stages and asexual reproduction in other, non felid hosts
Infection of intermediate host is characterized by the formation of tissue cysts

33
Q

Toxoplasma gondii life cycle (words-cats)

A

Sexual stage occurs in felids only
(1) cats become infected by ingesting tissue containing bradyzoites (or sporulated oocysts)
(2) liberated bradyzoites penetrate intestinal epithelium, undergo schizogony
(3) gametogony takes place in small intestine
(4) unsporulated oocysts pass in the feces

34
Q

Toxoplasma gondii acute v chronic infection

A

Acute: rapidly-dividing stages “tachyzoites”
Chronic: brain, heart, skeletal mm; multiplication occurs slowly “bradyzoites,” accumulate in large numbers and become surrounded by tough wall

35
Q

What initiates infection with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Ingestion of bradyzoites (tissue cysts)
Upon ingestion of sporocysts, sporozoites can either enter GI cells or disseminate to other tissues

36
Q

Toxoplasma gondii infection over time

A

Macrophages pick up tachyzoites and carry them to distant sites where they multiply asexually (acute phase)
Immune system limits the multiplication and invasiveness of the organism –> infection becomes chronic, organisms multiply slowly and become bradyzoites that form pseudocysts in various tissues
Lapse of immunity may cause resumption of invasive phase

37
Q

Toxoplasma gondii life cycle (image)

A
38
Q

Toxoplasma gondii public health implications

A

Congenital toxoplasmosis
In immunocompromised patients, rapid dissemination occurs (ocular manifestations, encephalitis)

39
Q

Neospora caninum taxonomy

A

Protozoan
Apicomplexan

40
Q

Neospora caninum distribution

A

worldwide

41
Q

Neospora caninum location in host

A

GI tract and nervous system

42
Q

Neospora caninum morphology

A

Sporulated oocysts (infectious)
Tachyzoites
Tissue cysts (commonly in neural tissue)

43
Q

Neospora caninum transmission

A

Definitive hosts: canids
Intermediate hosts: ruminants, deer, horses, rodents, cats
Transmitted horizontally through the ingestion of oocysts from infected dogs
Transmitted vertically from the cow to fetus through placenta (also cats, dogs, sheep)

44
Q

Neospora caninum life cycle (words)

A

(1) sporulated oocysts are ingested by the intermediate host
(2) sporozoites are liberated from the sporulated oocyst, then enter cells and become tachyzoites
(3) tachyzoites divide rapidly, cause damage, spread infection
(4) tachyzoites enter other cells and become bradyzoites

45
Q

Neospora caninum clinical signs

A

Pups and adults affected
Pups (infection most severe) develop ascending paralysis of hind legs
Neural signs may be only symptom
Encephalitis

VM638: Parasitology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions