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VM638: Parasitology > Ungulates (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Ungulates (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy: Eimeria macusaniensis
Host
Location in Host

A

Apicomplexan
Camelids
GI tract

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2
Q

Morphology: Eimeria macusaniensis

A

Large, brown unsporulated oocysts may be seen on fecal flotations
Presence/absence not necessarily associated with disease

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3
Q

Diagnostics: Eimeria macusaniensis

A

Unsporulated oocysts may be seen on fecal flotation
Postmortem histology

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4
Q

Life Cycle: Eimeria macusaniensis

A

Highly host specific
Multiple asexual cycles and one sexual cycle or generation - self-limiting
Unsporulated oocysts pass into the environment where they undergo sporulation
Ingestion of sporulated oocysts leads to infection if in an appropriate host
Invasion of GI cells –> formation of a meront/schizont
Merozoites ultimately invade cells and gamogony/gametogony ensues

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5
Q

Infection of Eimeria macusaniensis is common in what species? What age group?

A

Camelids
Primarily in young animals

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6
Q

Pathogenicity of Eimeria macusaniensis depends on what factors?

A

Number of oocysts ingested
Species
With low numbers, immunity may develop with repeated infections

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7
Q

Pathogenesis: Eimeria macusaniensis

A

Due to cellular destruction

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8
Q

Clinical Signs: Eimeria macusaniensis

A

Bloody diarrhea, loss of condition, +/- sudden death
Lethargy, abdominal distension
Long term survivors may suffer effects on growth
Disease more common in young, stressed animals (parturition, weaning, shipping, feed changes, adverse weather, poor husbandry)

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9
Q

Treatment: Eimeria macusaniensis

A

Available drugs typically target early asexual stages
Ability to treat is somewhat limited
Supportive therapy important

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10
Q

Control/Treatment: Eimeria macusaniensis

A

Keep animals in clean, dry areas, free from overcrowding

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11
Q

Is Eimeria macusaniensis zoonotic?

A

No

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12
Q

Taxonomy: Nematodirus spp.
Host
Location in Host

A

Nematode (Trichostrongylid)
Wild and domestic ruminants
GI tract

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13
Q

Morphology: Nematodirus spp. (where are they found?)

A

Gross worms found in proximal small intestine
Eggs are large and ovoid
Morula is evident with dark, round cells seen

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14
Q

Diagnostics: Nematodirus spp.

A

Fecal flotation

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15
Q

Life Cycle: Nematodirus spp.

A

L1 develops to an L3 within the egg [development may be linked with season and temperature]
Ingestion of L3 leads to infection –> development to adults in small intestine

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16
Q

Clinical Signs: Nematodirus spp.

A

Generally not pathogenic, but may contribute to GI signs
N. battus can cause catarrhal enteritis (sudden loss of thrift, diarrhea, +/- death within 2 days)

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17
Q

Is Nematodirus spp. zoonotic?

A

No

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18
Q

Taxonomy: Gongylonema pulchrum
Hosts
Location in Host

A

Nematode
“Gullet Worm”
Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, buffalo, horses, donkeys, deer, camels
Esophagus, rumen

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19
Q

Morphology: Gongylonema pulchrum

A

Long, slender, whiteish worm
Presence of prominent longitudinal rows of cuticular bosses (large bumps) seen microscopically

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20
Q

Intermediate Hosts: Gongylonema pulchrum

A

Beetles, cockroaches

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21
Q

Definitive Hosts: Gongylonema pulchrum

A

Sheep, goats, cattle, pig, buffalo, horses, donkeys, deer, camel, humans

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22
Q

Life cycle: Gongylonema pulchrum

A

Indirect
Eggs are passed into the environment and ingested by intermediate host

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23
Q

Transmission Dynamics: Gongylonema pulchrum

A

Infection depends on presence and numbers of intermediate hosts
Water may also contain infective larvae that have emerged from infected arthropods in the water source

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24
Q

Clinical Signs: Gongylonema pulchrum

A

Typically nonpathogenic
May cause mild, chronic inflammation in esophagus
Adults bury into epithelium of alimentary tract, producing white or red blood-filled zig-zag tracts

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25
Q

Treatment/Control: Gongylonema pulchrum

A

Not reported (incidental finding, postmortem)
Control not typically practical or necessary

26
Q

Is Gongylonema pulchrum zoonotic?

A

Occasionally seen in humans
May cause painful tumor-like area in oral epithelium or subcutaneous tissues that contains the coiled up worms

27
Q

Taxonomy: Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Location in Host

A

Nematode
Meningeal worm, or “Brainworm”
Veins and venous sinuses of cranial meninges, CNS

28
Q

Morphology: Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

A

Mature worms are long and threadlike
L1 larvae have a dorsal spine
Adult worms may be found in CNS

29
Q

Life Cycle: Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Definitive and Intermediate Hosts

A

White tailed deer serve as a definitive host
[Other hosts include moose, llamas, alpacas)
Snails and slugs are intermediate hosts
Seen in moose where their distribution overlaps with white-tailed deer

30
Q

Clinical Signs: Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

A

Rare in white tailed deer
Other cervids and camelids: debilitating neurologic disease
Causative agent of moose sickness = swaying, CNS signs, paralysis, circling, blindness, ataxia, paresis, weight loss, death

31
Q

Treatment/Control/Prevention: Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

A

Not practical
Strict management of deer translocations should be practiced

32
Q

Is Parelaphostrongylus tenuis zoonotic?

A

No

33
Q

Taxonomy: Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Host
Location in Host

A

Digenean trematode
“Small lanceolate fluke”
Ungulate species (esp. cattle, sheep, goats) and lagomorphs
Liver

34
Q

Geographic Distribution: Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

NOT South Africa, Australia
High prevalence in Europe
Low prevalence in British Isles

35
Q

Diagnostics: Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Sedimentation

36
Q

Life Cycle: Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Two intermediate hosts: (1) land snails, (2) brown ants
Eggs passed are embryonated, then ingested by snails
Cercariae develop, shed by snails, clump in slime balls where metacercariae form
Some metacercariae lodge in the subesophageal ganglion, causing tetanic spasms of the mouthparts as temperature decreases
Ants lock onto vegetations and are available to grazing herbivores
Adults have a predilection for liver and bile ducts

37
Q

Clinical Signs: Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Hepatic cirrhosis
Proliferation of bile duct epithelium
Young are often asymptomatic
Anemia, edema, and decreased wool and milk production in sheep

38
Q

Control: Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Control of snail populations!

39
Q

Is Dicrocoelium dendriticum zoonotic?

A

Low significance, but can be seen in human hosts

40
Q

Taxonomy: Fasciola spp.
Hosts

A

Digenean trematode
Ungulates

41
Q

Morphology: Fasciola jacksoni

A

Ventral acetabula

42
Q

Diagnostics: Fasciola spp.

A

“Fluke finder” for finding eggs in stool sample
Sedimentation is diagnostic technique of choice

43
Q

Life Cycle: Fasciola spp.

A

Miracidium penetrates a snail host and immature stages develop: sporocysts, rediae, cercariae
Motile cercariae leave the snail and encyst on grass to form infective metacercariae

44
Q

Is Fasciola spp. zoonotic?

A

Yes
Concerning form a public health standpoint in certain parts of the world

45
Q

Taxonomy: Echinococcus spp.
Hosts
Location in Host

A

Cestode
Ungulates (as intermediate host)
GI tract

46
Q

Morphology: Echinococcus spp.

A

Adult worms small and often overlooked
usually only a few proglottids in length

47
Q

Diagnostics: Echinococcus spp.

A

Eggs may be found on float, but are difficult to differentiate from Taenia spp.

48
Q

Intermediate and Definitive Hosts: Echinococcus spp.

A

Intermediate: numerous herbivores and omnivores
Larval stage develops in viscera after ingestion of eggs
Definitive: carnivores

49
Q

Life Cycle: Echinococcus spp.

A

Cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) cause by E. granulosus species complex
- Predominantly dog-sheep life cycle (or goats, swine, cattle, camels, yaks)
- With this form, unilocular cysts are present in the intermediate host
- Thick, multilayered wall, internal germinal membrane; protoscolices and daughter cysts containing more protoscolices form internally (cysts are contained)
Alveolar echinococcosis is caused by E. multilocularis
- Wild canids and small mammals
- With this form, a multiocular cyst forms
- Daughter cysts form from germinal layer and invade surrounding tissue

50
Q

Clinical Signs: Echinococcus spp.

A

Mature tapeworms generally nonpathogenic
Metacestode stage in IH is usually well-tolerated

51
Q

Treatment/Control/Prevention: Echinococcus spp.

A

Deworming of dogs
Slaughterhouse hygiene
Public education

52
Q

Is Echinococcus spp. zoonotic?

A

Yes
The two most important forms in humans are cystic echinococcosis (hyatidosis) and alveolar echinococcosis
Humans become infected via ingestion of parasite edds in contaminated food, water, soil (serve as accidental intermediate hosts)
Can cause liver impairment, respiratory complications, anaphylaxis

53
Q

Taxonomy: Dictyocaulus spp.
Host
Location in Host

A

Lungworm
Ungulates
Lungs

54
Q

Diagnostics: Dictyocaulus spp.

A

Baermann for D. viviparous and D. filaria

55
Q

Life Cycle: Dictyocaulus spp.

A

D. viviparous and D. filaria: L1 passed into environment
D. arnfieldi: larvated eggs passed and hatch within a few hours
In both cases L3 develop in a few days
Animals become infected after ingesting L3
Larvae penetrates SI and move to mesenteric lymph nodes to mole, then move via lymphatic system to lungs for final molt

56
Q

Transmission Dynamics: Dictyocaulus spp.

A

Larvae susceptible to dessication
Favors rainy, damp pastures, humidity, etc

57
Q

Clinical Signs: Dictyocaulus viviparous

A

Prevalence widespread, disease is not
Lung inflammation, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough
Chronic bronchitis in adults with lung consolidation due to fibrosis (may see anorexia, wt loss, and death)
+/- secondary bacterial infections

58
Q

Clinical Signs: Dictyocaulus filaria

A

Moderate significance in young
Catarrhal bronchitis
Tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, nasal discharge, anorexia, wt loss and death
+/- secondary bacterial infections

59
Q

Clinical Signs: Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

A

Common in donkeys, rare in horses
Donkeys are asymptomatic
Horses may get eosinophilic pneumonitis
Cough, exercise intolerance, unthriftiness

60
Q

Is Dictyocaulus spp. zoonotic?

A

No

VM638: Parasitology (22 decks)

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