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cell biology > Ch.8 > Flashcards

Ch.8 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference in RNA and DNA

A

RNA is single stranded and has Uracil
Folds in on itself and forms various shapes

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2
Q

DNA in genes is used as a template to make ___ that is _______ to DNA

A

RNA, complimentary

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3
Q

_____ ______ enzyme makes the RNA transcript

A

RNA polymerase

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4
Q

After the transcription process, DNA re-forms its _____ _____

A

double helix

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5
Q

RNA transcripts can form without a ______

A

primer

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6
Q

transcription begins by guiding the ____ ______ enzyme to the transcription start site of the gene

A

RNA polymerase

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7
Q

sequences that bind ____ ______ guide transcription

A

transcription factors

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8
Q

sequences which bind transcription factors near the transcription start site are _____

A

promoters

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9
Q

in bacterial transcription: what binds the promoter?

A

sigma factors (associated with RNA polymerase)

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10
Q

true or false: eukaryotic transcription is less complex and less highly regulated than bacterial transcription

A

false

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11
Q

true or false: bacterial transcription is loosely regulated

A

false

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12
Q

RNA polymerase which transcribes most rRNA genes

A

RNA polym. I

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13
Q

RNA polymerase which transcribes protein-coding genes and miRNA genes

A

RNA polymerase II

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14
Q

RNA polymerase which transcribes tRNA genes, genes for small RNA’s

A

RNA polymerase III

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15
Q

what binding protein starts protein complex assembly in eukaryotes

A

TATA

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16
Q

protein complex leads to ____ _____ __ binding

A

RNA polymerase II

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17
Q

mRNA’s are processed as they are ______ transcribed

A
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18
Q

What processes (modifications) can mRNA’s undergo

A

capping. splicing, and adding tails

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19
Q

mRNA’s are modified at the ___ end, by the addition of a methylated _____. This process is known as the ___ ___

A

5’, GTP ; 5’ cap

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20
Q

The Poly A tail modification is added to the ___ end of mRNA

A

3’

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21
Q

introns are also known as _____ sequences and exons are known as _____ sequences

A

interrupting, expressed

22
Q

exons are typically ______ than introns

A

smaller

23
Q

Where does RNA processing occur?

A

nucleus

24
Q

splice junctions have a _____ conserved sequence structure

A

highly

25
Q

2 reactions which form a lariat structure from the introns, which then ligases the exons is?

A

splicing reaction

26
Q

RNAase enzymes break down the ____ after splicing

A

introns

27
Q

what percentage of genes are alternatively splices in humans

A

95%

28
Q

after mRNA’s are processed in the nucleus they are moved where? and through what?

A

cytoplasm, nuclear pore complex

29
Q

genetic code is made up of

A

codons which correspond to amino acids

30
Q

nucleotide can be organized into triplets in _ reading frames

A

3

31
Q

the process of _______ recognizes the correct reading frame

A

translation

32
Q

other _ reading frames do not function

A

2

33
Q

triplet code in mRNA base pairs with what?

A

tRNA

34
Q

tRNA’s are folded into characteristic structures exposing the _______ which base pairs with the ______

A

anticodon, codon

35
Q

amino acids are ______ linked to tRNA’s to charge the tRNA for translation of proteins

A

covalently

36
Q

large complexes of rRNA’s and proteins are called? (they are also enzymes)

A

ribosomes

37
Q

true or false: proteins have catalytic activity

A

false, RNA’s do

38
Q

ribosomes have 3 binding sites for tRNA, what are they?

A

E, P, A

39
Q

assembly of what initiates translation

A

small ribosomal unit,
start codon (met)
initiation factors

40
Q

When the _____ ______ _____ assembles what dissociates

A

large ribosomal unit, initiation factors

41
Q

the first tRNA binds the __ site and forms first peptide bond

A

A

42
Q

After the tRNA binds the A site what’s the next step

A

elongation

43
Q

during elongation, ribosome catalyzes the addition of a new ____ _____ on the growing polypeptide chain

A

amino acid

44
Q

what provides the energy for elongation

A

charged amino acid bond to the tRNA

45
Q

termination factor binds at the _ site when stop codon is reached

A

A

46
Q

termination factor induces the ribosome enzyme to ______ the polypeptide

A

hydrolyze

47
Q

multiple ribosomes attached to a single mRNA is called a

A

polysome

48
Q

protein synthesis must be balanced by ______ _______

A

protein degradation

49
Q

large complex that degrades proteins

A

proteasome

50
Q

what is done to proteins to degrade them

A

addition of chain of ubiquitins

51
Q

the polyubiquitin modified
proteins are recognized by _______ and degraded

A

proteasome

cell biology (20 decks)

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