Chapter 9 (Unit 5 Agricultura and Land Patterns)

Question 1

Define food security.

Answer 1

Food security is good and affordable access to healthy food.

Question 2

What are the three factors that define the amount of food consumption in an area?

Answer 2

Physical limitations
Cultural limitations
Level of development

Question 3

Agriculture

Answer 3

deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

Question 4

Agricultural revolution

Answer 4

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Question 5

Environmental Factors

Answer 5

End of the last ice age, resulting in a massive redistribution of humans, other animals, plants, etc. at the same time.

Question 6

Cultural Factors

Answer 6

Preferences for living in a fixed place rather than being nomads.

Question 7

SW Asia

Answer 7

barley, wheat, lentil, olive - 10,000 yrs ago

Question 8

E Asia

Answer 8

Rice - 10,000 yrs ago, along the Yangtze River in China (East).

Question 9

C and S Asia

Answer 9

Chickens - 4,000 yrs ago (South Asia). Horses (Central Asia)

Question 10

Sub-Saharan Africa

Answer 10

Sorghum - 8,000 yrs ago, Yams maybe earlier. Millet and Rice.

Question 11

Latin America

Answer 11

Mexico (Beans, Cotton) and Peru (Potato) - 4,000 to 5,000 yrs ago. Corn (Maize) is the most important contribution of the Americas to crop domestication.

Question 12

Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 12

found in developing countries, is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family

Question 13

Commercial Agriculture

Answer 13

found in developing countries, is the production of food primarily for sale off the farm.

Question 14

Level of Development

Answer 14

people in developed countries tend to consume more food and from different sources than do people in developing countries

Question 15

Physical Conditions

Answer 15

Climate influences what can be easily grown and consumed in developing countries. In developed countries, food is shipped long distances.

Question 16

Cultural Preferences

Answer 16

some food preferences and avoidances are expressed without regard for physical and economic factors

Question 17

Dietary Energy Consumption

Answer 17

The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories

Question 18

Cereal Grain

Answer 18

A grass yielding grain for food.

Question 19

Grain

Answer 19

Seed of a cereal grass

Question 20

Wheat

Answer 20

the principal cereal grain consumed in the developed regions of Europe and North America

Question 21

Rice

Answer 21

the principal cereal consumed in the developing regions of East, South, SE Asia.

Question 22

Maize

Answer 22

leading crop in the world (called corn in North America)

Question 23

Other Crops

Answer 23

especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava, Sorghum, Millet, Plantains, Sweet Potatoes, Yams. Sugar is the leading source of dietary energy in Venezuela.

Question 24

Intensive Subsistence, wet-rice dominant

Answer 24

large population concentrations of East Asia and South Asia

Question 25

Intensive Subsistence, crops other than rice

Answer 25

The large population concentration of East Asia and South Asia, where growing rice is difficult.

Question 26

Pastoral Nomadism

Answer 26

drylands of SW Asia and North Africa, Central Asia, SE Asia

Question 27

Shifting Cultivation

Answer 27

Tropical regions of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia

Question 28

Plantation

Answer 28

A form of commercial agriculture found in tropical and subtropical developing countries of LATAM, sub-saharan Africa, South Asia, and SE Asia

Question 29

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Answer 29

US Midwest and Central Europe

focuses on growing crops for feeding animals

Question 30

Swidden

Answer 30

patch of land cleared for planting through shlash and burn.

Question 31

intensive subsistence agriculture

Answer 31

farmers must work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land

Question 32

double cropping

Answer 32

2 harvests per year from one field

Question 33

wet rice

Answer 33

Rice planted on dry land and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

Question 34

Sawah

Answer 34

A flooded field for growing rice

Question 35

Paddy

Answer 35

malay word for wet rice

Question 36

Crop rotation

Answer 36

rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

Question 37

Fishing

Answer 37

the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters

Question 38

Overfishing

Answer 38

capturing fish faster than they can reproduce

Question 39

Agribusiness

Answer 39

commercial farming in developed countries where farming is integrated into a large food-production industry

Question 40

Horticulture

Answer 40

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Question 41

Truck Farming

Answer 41

Middle English word truck means barter or exchange of commodities

Question 42

First ring

Answer 42

Market-oriented gardens and milk producers were located in the first ring out from the cities. These products are expensive to deliver and must reach the market quickly because they are perishable.

Question 43

Second ring

Answer 43

The next ring out from the cities contained wood lots, where timber was cut for construction and fuel; closeness to market is important for this commodity because of its weight

Question 44

Third ring

Answer 44

The next ring was used for various crops and for pasture; the specific commodity was rotated from one year to the next.

Question 45

Fourth ring

Answer 45

The outermost ring was devoted exclusively to animal grazing, which requires lots of space.

Question 46

Key Issue 1 - Where did agriculture originate?

Answer 46

Before the invention of agriculture, most humans were hunters and gatherers. Agriculture was invented in multiple hearths aprox 10,000 yrs ago. Modern agriculture is divided between subsistence agriculture in developing countries and commercial agriculture in developed countries. They differ according to the percentage of farmers, use of machinery, farm size.

Question 47

Key Issue 2 - Why do people consume different foods?

Answer 47

Most food is consumed in the form of cereal grains, especially wheat, rice, maize. People in developed countries consume more total calories and a higher percentage through animal products. Most humans consume more than the recommended minimum calories, and the number who are undernourished is declining, but undernourishment is still common in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 48

Key Issue 3 - Where is Agriculture Distributed?

Answer 48

Agriculture can be divided into 11 major regions, including 5 subsistence and 6 commercial regions. In subsistence regions, pastoral nomadism is prevalent in drylands, shifting cultivation in tropical forests, and intensive subsistence in regions with high population concentrations. In commercial regions, mixed crop and livestock is the most common form of agriculture. Dairy, commercial gardening, grain, Mediterranean, and livestock ranching are also important.