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AP Human Geography > Chapter 12 and 13 (Unit 6 Cities and Urban Land Use) > Flashcards

Chapter 12 and 13 (Unit 6 Cities and Urban Land Use) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the site?

A

Absolute location. And what it is surrounded by.

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2
Q

What is the situation?

A

The things happening in an area, why something is where it is.

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3
Q

What influences urbanization?

A

Waterways, railways and highways. In other words transportation and communication networks. Access to markets, raw materials in factories and access to jobs.

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4
Q

Streetcars

A

Live by city center, internal movement.

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5
Q

Cars

A

Suburbs, drive to work

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6
Q

Highways

A

businesses can move into different places because of cheaper land.

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7
Q

Cell phones - internet

A

international communication

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8
Q

First Stage of Borchert’s Epoch - Sail Wagon

A

Cities were clustered within 60 miles of the Atlantic sea coast, interior cities grew only if they had access to a river that had access to a coast. (late 18th century)

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9
Q

Second Stage of Borchert’s Epoch - Iron Horse

A

Steam railroads allowed for expansion inland much like steamboats and industrial sites. (mid 19th century)

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10
Q

Third Stage of Borchert’s Epoch - Steel Rail

A

Transcontinental railoads, industrial centers grow, river cities declined as rail cities grew. Chicago was a central point to the economy. (late 19th century)

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11
Q

Fourth Stage of Borchert’s Epoch - Auto Air Amenity

A

Railroads decline and cars (through highways) are main travel, air travel increased greatly, major urban growth in the Great Lakes region due to the automobile industry same in Sunbelt cities.

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12
Q

Rural to Urban Migration

A

Economic and educational opportunities and access to services.

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13
Q

Favelas Squatter Settlements Slums

A

A household that cannot provide the basic living condition
- durable housing
-sufficient living space
-easy access to safe water
-access to sanitation

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14
Q

Favela development

A

lack of affordable housing and vulerability to natural disasters even a higher rate of disease and malnutrition.

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15
Q

How do governments attract businesses and boost the economy?

A

tax incentives, low crime, affordable housing, good schools, transportation infrastructure, financial incentives, and entertainment.

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16
Q

Forward Capitals

A

Capital cities that are relocated

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17
Q

Brasilia

A

Allowed more people to go to a cheaper place and solved overpopulation in the shore cities.

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18
Q

Megacities

A

10 million or more people

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19
Q

Metacities

A

20 million or more people

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20
Q

Urban Sprawl

A

Greater access to roads automobiles and commercial developments cities have expanded horizontally from the city core.

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21
Q

Suburbanization

A

People moving from cities to residential areas in the outskirts of cities.

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22
Q

Boomburgs

A

A rapid suburban growth in a town.

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23
Q

Exburbs

A

Community on the outside edge of traditional suburbs. (Beverly Hills)

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24
Q

Placelessness

A

A lack of identity or culture in a place

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25
Q

World Cities

A

Large cities that exert global economic, cultural, and political influence and make up a network of economic, social and information flows.
London, New York, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore

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26
Q

The Urban Hierarchy

A

Different cities have different functions within the system, with larger, more influential cities landing higher on the hierarchy while cities with smaller populations and economies fall lower on the hierarchy. Bigger city means more people and services but lesser amounts of big cities and viceversa.

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27
Q

Rank Size Rule

A

Model that illustrates the relationship betwene popu.ation distribution in cities that are interconnected in teh urban hierarchy. Typically indicates somewhat even development.

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28
Q

Primate City

A

Model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state. One particular city is extremely large in terms of popoulation size and economic, cu.tural and political influence.

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29
Q

The Gravity Model

A

Model that illustrates the spatial relationship of interaction between locations of different sizes - flows of people, trade, traffic, communication, etc.

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30
Q

Christaller’s Central Place Theory

A

Model that illustrates the hierarchical spatial patters of cities and settlements. Is based off of economic functions and consumer behavior

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31
Q

Threshold

A

The number of peple needed to support a certain good or service.

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32
Q

Range

A

The distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service.

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33
Q

High Order Goods and Services

A

Expensive, desirable or unique - large threshold and range.

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34
Q

Low Order Goods and Services

A

Inexpensive, common everyday needs. Smaller threshold and range. Typically found in lower order locations.

35
Q

Bid Rent Theory

A

The value of land is influenced by its distance from the market city center

36
Q

Burgess Concentric Zone Mod

A

Based on the development of Chicago in the 1920s. Concentric rings are used to classify each type of land use patter.

37
Q

Ring 1

A

Bid Rent theory the Central Business District is the most expensive land.

38
Q

Ring 2 Zone of Transition

A

Factories and industries with a mix of low-income apartments

39
Q

Ring 3

A

Another ring of low-income housing. High population density, poor living conditions

40
Q

Ring 4 & 5

A

As the distance from the CBD increases the cost of land decreases larger plots of land

41
Q

Hoyt Sector Model

A

Based on improving the Concentric Zone Model, Sectors develop along transportation routes, low income housing develops surrounding industry and major transportation routes, middle and high income housing develops further from the city center and manufacturing so as not to experience heavy traffic and pollution.

42
Q

Sector 1

A

CBD

43
Q

Sector 2

A

Wholesale and light manufacturing (small businesses)

44
Q

Sector 3

A

Lower-class residential

45
Q

Sector 4

A

Middle clsas residential

46
Q

Sector 5

A

Upper class residential

47
Q

Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

A

Cities develop around multiple focal points and build outwards to create a functional regions. Site and situational factors influence land use patters.

48
Q

Industrial suburb

A

A company that buys land and provides jobs for the suburbs around it.

49
Q

Galactic City Model

A

Developed in the 80s focuses on the decentralization and suburbanization of urban environments. Is one circle and shows where each subsection is distributed. Mini CBDs are edge cities.

50
Q

Latin American City Model

A

Has a “spine” that runs from the modernized CBD in the center, through healthy housing and connects to a secondary suburban center called the mall.

51
Q

Zone of Maturity

A

A zone that is getting developed

52
Q

Zone of Situ Accretion

A

The zone of Mixed quality housing, a zone that transitions from elite housing to squatter settlements.

53
Q

African City Model

A

Has 3 CBDs and reflects colonialism, a traditional business centre a colonial one and a market zone.

54
Q

Population Density

A

The amount of people that occupy a specific unit of land

55
Q

Residential

A

A term to describe places in which people reside

56
Q

Noise Pollution

A

Cars, planes, etc makes a lot of noise and drive the quality of life down

57
Q

Zoning Policies

A

Zoning is a regulation about what type of development or land use can occur in a specific location. Can be residential commercial or industrial.

58
Q

Infilling

A

Redevelopment of vacant land to improve the surrounding area. Industrial areas can be turned into offices housing and entertainment venues.

59
Q

Infrastructure

A

Transportation systems, power stations and lines, wifi, sewage systems, schools, police and fire departments, and hospitals.

60
Q

Renewable Energy Sources

A

Hydroelectric, air powered allow for cleaner air.

61
Q

Sustainable City

A

A city that reduces the cities impact on the environment have a high quality of life with many opportunities and stability.

62
Q

Smart Growth

A

Policies that aim towards a cleaner and more sustainable future.

63
Q

Mixed Use Development

A

Places that have multiple uses like retail residential educational and businesses.

64
Q

Greenbelts

A

An area of green space such as a park, agricultural land, or forest around an urban area intended to limit urban sprawl. Can act as a boundary.

65
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Data that involves descriptions based on peoples perceptions or opinions. Open ended and are often fieldwork.

66
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Data that involves numbers and statistics that can be measured.

67
Q

Redlining

A

Housing discrimination maintained by banks, racism led to refusal of grants and home loans because of the ethnic or racial composition.

68
Q

Redlining

A

Housing discrimination maintained by banks, racism led to refusal of grants and home loans because of the ethnic or racial composition.

69
Q

Blockbusting

A

Housing discrimination maintained by real estate industry. White families encouraged to sell. Fear based, so they sold houses at below market prices.

70
Q

Fair Housing Act of 1968

A

Redlining and blockcusting made illegal.

71
Q

Affordability

A

Rising mortgage rates, expensive home prices, low inventory and inflation makes it difficult for the average American family to afford a home.

72
Q

Healthy Drinking Water

A

Water can be contaminated by lead pipes, which can lead to a lower IQ.

73
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

Communities of color and the poor are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens such as air and water pollution.

74
Q

Disamenity Zones

A

Locations that are unsafe with dangerous terrain that are not connected to city services.

75
Q

Zones of Abandonment

A

Locations that have been abandoned due to lack of jobs and opportunities.

76
Q

Inclusionary Zoning

A

Areas where city governments require that developers must include low nad medium income housing options in their projects to obtain building permits.

77
Q

Local Food Movements

A

Using city-owned land or abandoned areas to plant community, urban gardens to provide fresh fruit and vegetables to people living in food deserts.

78
Q

Urban Renewal

A

Program funded by fed govs after ww2 intended to redevelop industrial urban areas.

79
Q

Gentrification

A

The process by which higher income residents or professional developers buy buildings in abandoned, blighted, and or industrial areas for a low cost and renovate, restore or rebuild the property.

80
Q

Suburban Sprawl

A

With greater access to roads and cars suburban areas grow horizontally.

81
Q

Ecological Footprint

A

Uses land as currency to measure how fast we consume resources and generate waste compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and regenerate new resources.

82
Q

Sanitation

A

Sanitation issues and lack of sewage, prevents cities from healthy water.

83
Q

Air pollution

A

caused by cars, power plants and industries, these produce too much bad air, or smog.

84
Q

Brownfield

A

A large abandoned industrial site that can be polluted in a suburb or central city.

AP Human Geography (7 decks)

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