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Anatomy and Physiology I > Unit 2 Chapter 6 (Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System) > Flashcards

Unit 2 Chapter 6 (Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System) Flashcards

1
Q

What components make up the axial skeleton

A

skull (cranial and facial), auditory ossicles (ears), hyoid (tongue and neck attachment), vertebral column (sacrum, cervical/lumbar/thoracic vertebrae), bony thorax (ribs, sternum)

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2
Q

What components make up the appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), upper extremities (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals), pelvic girdle (coxal bones; ilium, ischium, pubic), lower extremities (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals)

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3
Q

What are the 3 classes of bone markings

A

articulations, projections, holes

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4
Q

What is an articulation

A

where two bone surfaces come together and conform to each other to facilitate functions (joints)

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5
Q

What is a projection

A

Area on the surface of the bone that servers as the attachment points for tendons and ligaments. Size and Shape is an indication of the forces exerted through the attachment to the bone.

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6
Q

What is a hole

A

An opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone. Size and Shape reflect the size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate the bone at these points.

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7
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system

A

-Supports soft tissues and provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles
-Protects the most important internal organs
-Assists in movement by acting as levers for skeletal muscles
-Osseous tissue stores and releases minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus

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8
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow

A

produces blood cells (hematopoiesis)

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9
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat

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10
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone

A

-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones
-sesamoid bones

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11
Q

How are long bones described and what is an/are example(s)

A

greater length than width
tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, radius

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12
Q

How are short bones described and what is an/are example(s)

A

nearly equal in length and width
carpal bones, tarsal bones

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13
Q

How are flat bones described and what is an/are example(s)

A

thin
skull, ribs, pubis

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14
Q

How are irregular bones described and what is an/are example(s)

A

complex in shape
vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid

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15
Q

How are sesamoid bones described and what is an/are example(s)

A

shaped like a sesame seed
patella, cyamella, fabella

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16
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage

A

Reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

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17
Q

What is the function of periosteum

A

Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone. Tendons and ligaments also attach to bones here. Also covers the entire outer surface except where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints.

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18
Q

What is the function of the medullary cavity

A

Holds yellow bone marrow inside the diaphysis

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19
Q

What is the function of the endosteum

A

Where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur

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20
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow located in a long bone

A

Medullary cavity; hollow region of the diaphysis

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21
Q

Give a description of the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue

A

ground substance (osteoid)(organic), collagen fibers (gives tensile strength and flexibility)(inorganic), Hydroxyapatites (calcium phosphate salt crystals)

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22
Q

What are hydroxyapatites

A

Salt crystals that form when calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine.

23
Q

What is the function of hydroxyapatites

A

Gives bones their hardness and strength

24
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts

A

Bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone

25
Q

What is the function of osteocytes

A

Maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes

26
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts

A

Bone resorption or breakdown

27
Q

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone tissue in terms of bone type

A

-Compact bone forms external layer of all bones and comprises most of the diaphysis of long bones.
-Spongy bone forms interior of short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones, most of epiphysis of long bones, and narrow rim around medullary cavity of long bones

28
Q

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone tissue in terms of bone function

A

Compact bone provides support and protection
Spongy bone provides strength and flexibility

29
Q

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone tissue in terms of bone histology

A

Compact bone is composed of osteons and forms the external layer of all bones.
Spongy bone is composed of trabeculae and forms the inner part of all bones.

30
Q

What is the sequence of passageways in compact bone tissue a nutrient encounters from the time it flows from the periosteum until it reaches an osteocyte within an osteon.

A

Starts at the blood supply of the medullary cavity through perforating (Volkmann’s) canals that meet up with a central canal for each osteon. From a central canal, canaliculi connect with osteocytes.

31
Q

What are the locations of red bone marrow

A

medullary cavity of flat bones, spongy bone found at the proximal and distal epiphysis

32
Q

What tissue does intramembranous ossification occur in

A

Conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. Primarily occurs in the bones of the skull

33
Q

What tissue does endochondral ossification occur in

A

Mesenchymal tissue transforming into a hyaline cartilage template, which is later replaced by bone. Forms axial skeleton and long bones

34
Q

Describe the overall process of intramembranous ossification

A

-Mesenchyme cells cluster and differentiate into osteogenic cells, then osteoblasts which appear in an ossification center.
-Then calcification occurs (osteoblasts secrete extracellular matrix (osteoid) which hardens into crystals).
-Then, the formation of trabeculae occurs, which fuses into lattice, with blood vessels growing into spaces.
-Finally, the development of the periosteum begins (Mesenchyme cells at periphery of trabeculae form periosteum and osteoblasts)

35
Q

What are the fontanels and what are 2 functions of them

A

soft spots on the top of the infant’s head during utero and after birth
-allow for the skull to flex and pass through the birth canal
-allow for growth of brain and skull during first year of life

36
Q

Are flat or long bones made from intramembranous ossification

A

flat bones in the skull

37
Q

Are flat or long bones made from endochondral ossification

A

long bones

38
Q

Describe the overall process of endochondral ossification

A

-Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes (cartilage cells) that form the cartilaginous skeletal precursor of the bones Soon after, the perichondrium forms
-Matrix is produced, chondrocytes in the center of the cartilaginous model grow in size, matrix calcifies and then nutrients can no longer reach the chondrocytes, resulting in their death and the disintegration of the surrounding cartilage. Blood vessels then begin to take over that space
-Penetration of capillaries initiates the transformation of the perichondrium into the
bone-producing periosteum
-Osteoblasts form a periosteal collar of compact bone around the cartilage of the
diaphysis, leading to the creation of a primary ossification center
-Chondrocytes and cartilage continue to grow at the ends of the bone, which increases the bone’s length at the same time bone is replacing cartilage
-Fetal skeleton fully forms
-(matrix mineralization, death of chondrocytes, invasion of blood vessels from the periosteum, and seeding with osteogenic cells that become osteoblasts)

39
Q

How do bones grow longer (interstitial bone growth)

A

epiphyseal side = cartilage is formed.
diaphyseal side = cartilage is ossified

40
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal plate when growth stops

A

Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate cease their proliferation and bone replaces the cartilage, leaving behind the epiphyseal line

41
Q

How do bones grow wider (appositional bone growth)

A

Osteoclasts resorb old bone that lines the medullary cavity, while osteoblasts, via intramembranous ossification, produce new bone tissue beneath the periosteum.

42
Q

What is the role of osteoblasts during appositional bone growth

A

Produce new bone tissue beneath the periosteum

43
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts during appositional bone growth

A

Resorb old bone that lines the medullary cavity

44
Q

Where are osteoblasts during appositional bone growth

A

periosteum

45
Q

Where are osteoclasts during appositional bone growth

A

medullary cavity

46
Q

Give a description of bone remodeling

A

Caused from injury, exercise, and other activities. Resorption of old or damaged bone takes place on the same surface where osteoblasts lay new bone to replace that which is resorbed.

47
Q

What is Wolff’s Law of Bone Remodeling

A

Bones will remodel and adapt based on the demands placed upon them

48
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

A disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation

49
Q

What are some common causes of osteoporosis

A

age, gender (decrease in estrogen production) , ethnicity, genetics, lack of vitamin D and calcium

50
Q

What are bones that suffer from osteoporosis like

A

weak and brittle, common injuries are in the hip, wrist, and spine

51
Q

How can you delay/prevent the onset of osteoporosis

A

-Get enough calcium, vitamin D
-Be physically active
-Consider medications that either slow done bone loss or help rebuild bone

52
Q

What is scoliosis

A

Lateral curvatures of the spine, creating a hump

53
Q

What is kyphosis

A

Spinal curvatures from vertebrae fracture/compressing more anteriorly, gives hunchback appearance and results in thoracic compression

54
Q

What is lordosis

A

A posture assumed by some females, in which the back is arched downward.

Anatomy and Physiology I (12 decks)

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