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Anatomy and Physiology I > Unit 2 Chapter 10+11 (Muscle Tissue + System) > Flashcards

Unit 2 Chapter 10+11 (Muscle Tissue + System) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is cardiac muscle tissue located

A

in the heart

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2
Q

Where is skeletal muscle tissue located

A

attached to all bones via tendons

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3
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue located

A

walls of hollow visceral organs (liver, pancreas, intestines)

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4
Q

Is cardiac muscle tissue under voluntary or involuntary control

A

involuntary control

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5
Q

Is skeletal muscle tissue under voluntary or involuntary control

A

voluntary control

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6
Q

Is smooth muscle tissue under voluntary or involuntary control

A

involuntary control

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7
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue

A

-Change chemical energy into mechanical energy to produce movement
-Stabilizes Joints
-Posture
-Generate heat

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue

A

-Electrical excitability
-Contractility
-Extensibility
-Elasticity
-Amitotic

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9
Q

What is muscle tension

A

The force generated by the contraction of the muscle

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10
Q

What are the 4 different names individual muscle cells can be referred to as

A

-Muscle fibers
-Myofibers
-Myocytes
-Muscle cells

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11
Q

What is muscular dystrophy

A

Progressive weakening of the skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What is muscular hypertrophy

A

Exercising that makes your muscle’s individual cells increase in only size

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13
Q

What is muscular atrophy

A

The decrease in size and wasting of muscle tissue

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14
Q

What is aponeurosis

A

A broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone

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15
Q

How are muscle fibers and connective tissue arranged in skeletal muscle

A

Muscle fibers are bundled together and wrapped in a connective tissue covering. Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the epimysium. Fascia, connective tissue outside the epimysium, surrounds and separates the muscles.

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16
Q

How do connective tissue components assist skeletal muscle function

A

They furnish support and protection for the delicate cells and allow them to withstand the forces of contraction. The coverings also provide pathways for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

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17
Q

What is muscle origin

A

A muscle’s proximal attachment; the end of the muscle closest to the torso

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18
Q

What is muscle insertion

A

A muscle’s distal attachment; the end of the muscle furthest away from the torso

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19
Q

What is the function of the sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fibers (actively transports substrates into the muscle cell, serves as a docking location for proteins originating in the basement membrane and cytoskeleton, and also transmits neural excitatory impulses that lead to muscle contraction)

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20
Q

What is the function of the T tubule

A

Maintain the SR calcium store under the tight control of membrane depolarization

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21
Q

What is the function of myofibril

A

To produce muscle contraction and relaxation.

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22
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores, releases, and retrieves Ca++

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23
Q

What is the function of the sarcomere

A

Composed of two main protein filaments (thin actin and thick myosin filaments) which are the active structures responsible for muscular contraction

24
Q

What is the function of the Z disc

A

attachment sites for thin filaments (actin)

25
Q

What protein component make up thick filaments

A

Myosin

26
Q

What protein component make up thin filaments

A

Actin

27
Q

What is a synapse

A

A narrow junction across which a chemical signal passes from neuron to the next, initiating a new electrical
signal in the target cell

28
Q

What are the components of the neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal

29
Q

What happens when acetylcholine binds to its receptor

A

The shape of the entire receptor changes slightly, opening the channel

30
Q

How do muscle fibers get excited at the neuromuscular junction

A

Excitation signals from the neuron are the only way to functionally activate the fiber to contract.

31
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling

A

Skeletal muscle being stimulated in order to fire an action potential

32
Q

What is the sliding filament mechanism

A

Describes the mechanism that allows muscles to contract
-Myosin binds to actin. The myosin then alters its configuration, resulting in a “stroke” that pulls on the actin filament and causes it to slide across the myosin filament.

33
Q

What is the cross bridge cycle

A

The mechanism where the muscle contraction occurs through the sliding of the muscle protein one past another

34
Q

How do muscle fiber contraction results in body movement

A

The formation of actin–myosin cross-bridges leads to the sarcomere shortening involved in muscle contraction. These contractions extend from the muscle fiber through connective tissue to pull on bones, causing skeletal movement.

35
Q

Describe skeletal muscle fiber relaxation

A

The motor neuron stops releasing its chemical signal, Acetylcholine, into the synapse at the NMJ

36
Q

What happens when an entire skeletal muscle relaxes

A

Tropomyosin begins to cover myosin-binding sites

37
Q

What is a motor unit

A

The actual group of muscle fibers in a muscle innervated by a single motor neuron

38
Q

What is a twitch contraction

A

An involuntary contraction of the fibers that make up a muscle

39
Q

Describe wave summation

A

The addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction

40
Q

Describe motor unit recruitment

A

The successive activation of the same and additional motor units with increasing strength of voluntary muscle contraction

41
Q

What is a cramp

A

An involuntary contraction of a muscle that occurs suddenly and does not relax, very episodic
Caused by dehydration, prolonged or strenuous exercise

42
Q

What is a spasm

A

Occur when your muscle involuntary and forcibly contracts uncontrollably and can’t relax, more general term

43
Q

What is muscle tone

A

Low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement

44
Q

How is muscle tone important to the health of the muscular system

A

-Allows muscles to continually stabilize joints and maintain posture
-Muscles never fatigue completely, as some motor units can recover while others are active

45
Q

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions

A

-In isotonic contractions, the tension in the muscle stays constant, a load is moved as the length of the muscle shortens

-In isometric contractions, the muscle produces tension without changing the angle of a skeletal joint and involve sarcomere shortening and increasing muscle tension, but do not move a load, as the force produced cannot overcome the resistance provided by the load

46
Q

What is the difference between concentric and eccentric isotonic contractions

A

-A concentric contraction involves the muscle shortening to move a load
-An eccentric contraction occurs as the muscle tension diminishes and the muscle lengthens

47
Q

Which isotonic contraction preferentially stimulate muscle growth and development, concentric or eccentric

A

Eccentric

48
Q

What is muscle fatigue

A

When a muscle can no longer contract in response to signals from the nervous system

49
Q

What is oxygen debt

A

The amount of oxygen needed to compensate for ATP produced without oxygen during muscle contraction

50
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that contract relatively slowly and use aerobic respiration (oxygen and glucose) to produce ATP

51
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that have fast contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis, fatigue quicker than other muscle fibers

52
Q

What are the benefits for the body when doing aerobic training

A

increase stamina, reduce health risks, manage chronic illnesses, clears arteries, boosts mood

53
Q

What are the benefits for the body when doing anaerobic training

A

Strengthens bones, Burns fat, Builds muscle, Maintains muscle mass

54
Q

What are the 3 ways ATP is generated

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

What are the 4 sources of ATP that the muscle uses for energy

A

-Free ATP (low levels circulating freely within muscles)
-Creatine Phosphate
-Anaerobic Glycolysis
-Oxidative Phosphorylation

56
Q

What is the order of energy sources when using ATP during muscle contraction

A

Free ATP, Creatine phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis

Anatomy and Physiology I (12 decks)

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