Lesson 2- Observational Techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an observation?

A

An observation is when a researcher watches or listens to participants engaging in the behaviour being studied

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2
Q

What is a non-participant observation

A

An observation in which the researcher does not get involved with the interactions of participants

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3
Q

What is a participant observation

A

When the researcher is directly involved with the interactions of the participants

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4
Q

What is a Covert observation?

A

When the psychologist goes undercover and does not reveal their true identity.

In this type of observation the group do NOT know that they are being observed

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5
Q

What is a Overt observation?

A

A type of observation where the researcher watches and records the behaviour of a group that know they are being observed by a psychologist

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6
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

When a researcher observes participants in their own environment and there is no deliberate manipulation of the IV

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7
Q

Advantages of naturalistic observations?

A

1) Reduced chance of OBSERVER EFFECT as participants are usually unaware they are being watched

2)High mundane realism and ecological validity

3) they are useful when deliberate manipulation of variables would be IMPRACTICAL or UNETHICAL

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8
Q

Disadvantages of Naturalistic observations

A

1) impossible to control EV
2) problematic to determine CAUSE and EFFECT
3) Risk of OBSERVER BIAS

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9
Q

What is observer effects?

A

When participants CHANGE their BEHAVIOUR because they know they’re being watched

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10
Q

What is observer bias?

A

When the OBSERVERS know the aims of the study or HYPOTHESES and this knowledge influences their observations

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11
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A

An observation in which a researcher observes participants in a controlled environment.

This allows manipulation of IV

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12
Q

Advantages of controlled observation?

A

1.CAUSE and EFFECT can be determined

  1. EV can be controlled for
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13
Q

Disadvantages of controlled observations

A
  1. Lower mundane realism and ecological validity
  2. Observer effects could occur as participants know they’re being observed
  3. Risk of observer bias
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14
Q

What are operationalised behavioural categories

A

Specific and observable behaviours to be recorded during an observation.

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15
Q

What is time sampling?

A

Recording behaviours in a given time frame

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16
Q

What is event sampling

A

A type of sampling where a observer records the number of times a certain behaviour occurs.

17
Q

Name two ways of overcoming observer bias

A
  1. Hide the purpose of your study from all observer s

2.intra-observer reliability-> the process in which an observation is video recorded so that it can be watched several times