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232: Veterinary Dentistry > Ch. 6 Periodontal Disease > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Periodontal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is periodontal disease?

A

Inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding the tooth called the periodontium

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2
Q

What can be the different factors for periodontal disease?

A

Age, species, breed, chewing behavior, diet, grooming habits, orthodontic occlusion, patient health status, home care, frequency of professional care, and bacterial flora of oral cavity

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3
Q

How is periodontal disease characterized?

A

By movement of the gingival margin toward the apex (exposing more crown and root) and migration of the attached gingiva with loss of the periodontal ligament and surrounding bone

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4
Q

Pyorrhea definition

A

Discharge of pus from the periodontium (This term is no longer used)

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5
Q

What are the systemic effects of periodontal disease?

A

Research in vet med is still ongoing. Theoretically, bacteria from infected tissues enter the bloodstream and cause an inflammatory response

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6
Q

Which organs are most susceptible to infection from periodontal disease?

A

Lungs, Kidneys and Liver

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7
Q

What is the glycoprotein component of saliva called?

A

Acquired pellicle

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8
Q

The pellicle will begin to form on a tooth in how much time?

A

20 minutes

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9
Q

What purpose does the acquired pellicle serve?

A

To help bacteria attach to the tooth surface

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10
Q

How long after the formation of the pellicle will bacteria start to colonize the tooth surface?

A

6-8 hours

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11
Q

What is the bacterial layer that is formed on a tooth called?

A

Plaque

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12
Q

The bacteria that are attached to the tooth absorb calcium from saliva and become calcified.

What is this new calcified substance called?

A

Tartar or Calculus

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13
Q

What are the types of bacteria seen with periodontal disease?

A

-Healthy gingival flora: Made up of gram-positive aerobic bacteria
-Gram-negative bacteria begin to colonize the tooth surface as periodontal disease progresses
-Spirochetes begin to colonize and the aerobic bacteria have converted to anaerobic

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14
Q

Gram-positive aerobic bacteria require what to survive?

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

What is biofilm?

A

Aggregate bacterial colonies protected by a polysaccharide complex. Disruption of this biofilm is most important in the control of periodontal disease

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16
Q

Plaque can be found in a number of areas around the tooth. Where is the worst place for plaque to be?

A

The worst plaque is the type that infiltrates the gingiva itself

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17
Q

As inflammation continues, the gingiva loosens from the tooth and creates what?

A

A pocket

If it is not treated, deeper pockets will form

18
Q

What indicates the beginning of periodontal disease?

A

When there is loss of tissue and bone support deeper in the periodontium

19
Q

What is furcation exposure?

A

The furcation is the area where the roots of a tooth join the crown and exposure happens because of gingival recession and bone loss

20
Q

How is furcation exposure classified?

A

Based on depth

21
Q

What is class 1, 2, and 3 furcation exposure?

A

Class 1: <1mm exposure
Class 2: >1mm exposure but not fully through
Class 3: Complete furcation exposure

22
Q

What are the initial signs of periodontal disease?

A

Halitosis, not eating well, occasionally drooling, bloody saliva, and pawing at the mouth

23
Q

What are the diagnostic parameters and tests available to diagnose this disease?

A

Red & inflamed gingiva, accumulation of plaque, and calculus (does not tell you the degree of the disease)

The OraStrip is a test used to test for thiols (indicates the presence of periodontal disease but does not stage it)

24
Q

How many stages/classifications of periodontal disease are there?

A

There are 4 stages of this disease

25
Q

What is stage 1 characterized by?

A

Gingivitis only—no loss of attachment

26
Q

What is stage 2 characterized by?

A

Early periodontitis —less than 25% attachment loss, stage 1 furcation exposure

27
Q

What is stage 3 characterized by?

A

Moderate periodontitis- 25% to 50% attachment loss, stage 2 furcation exposure

28
Q

What is stage 4 characterized by?

A

Advanced periodontitis- >50% attachment loss, stage 3 furcation exposure

29
Q

A dog has periodontal disease and the canines are classified as stage 3 while the premolars are stage 4. What stage would this dog be diagnosed/classified in?

A

You will take the worse tooth’s grade, so this dog would be diagnosed/classified with stage 4 periodontal disease

30
Q

A dog has multiple 5 mm periodontal pockets and several Class 2 furcations. What stage of periodontal disease does this dog have?

A

Stage 3 (PD 3)

31
Q

How is Class 1 furcation index classified?

A

Periodontal probe extends less than halfway under the crown in any direction of a multirooted tooth with attachment loss

32
Q

How is Class 2 furcation index classified?

A

Periodontal probe extends greater than halfway under the crown of a multirooted tooth with attachment loss, but not through and through

33
Q

How is Class 3 furcation index classified?

A

Periodontal probe extends under the crown of a multirooted tooth

34
Q

How many stages of mobility index are there?

A

There are 3 stages

35
Q

Describe the stages of mobility index

A

Stage 0: Mobility up to 0.2mm
Stage 1: Movement in any direction- 0.2mm-0.5mm
Stage 2: 0.5mm-1mm
Stage 3: Movement of over 1mm or any axial movement

36
Q

What does healthy gingiva look like?

A

It has a knife-like margin and is coral pink or a pigmented color and smooth gingival topography should be noted. Healthy gingival tissue is firm

37
Q

What is the topography of a tooth?

A

The surface features of the gingiva as it flows from tooth to tooth

As periodontal disease progresses, the surface features become irregular and the even flow from tooth to tooth is lost

38
Q

When probing with a periodontal probe, what is a normal minimal sulcular depth in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs: 2-3mm
Cats: 0.5-1mm

39
Q

How is type 1: early gingivitis described?

A

Redness of the gingiva and a mild amount of plaque, loss of visualization of blood vessels, appears 2-4 days after plaque accumulations, and is localized to the gingival sulcus, including the junctional epithelium and the most coronal part of the connective tissue (Early gingivitis is reversible)

40
Q

How is type 2: advanced gingivitis described?

A

Increased inflammation with edema, subgingival plaque development, supragingival plaque, and calculus, gingival topography has started to become irregular, but is still reversible

41
Q

How is type 3: early periodontitis described?

A

Moderate loss of attachment or moderate pocket formation with 10-30% loss of bone support, furcation exposure, inadequate gingival topography, recession, and/or hypertrophy, and may have mobility. Gingival bleeding with probing, and subgingival calculus may be visual and a rounding of the alveolar crestal bone at the cervical portion of the tooth can be seen

42
Q

How is type 4: established periodontitis described?

A

Advanced breakdown of supportive tissues, severe pocket depth, severe recession, severe inflammation, bone loss, pus, and mobility. Gingiva easily bleeds upon probing and there is a loss of gingival topography

232: Veterinary Dentistry (15 decks)

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