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232: Veterinary Dentistry > Ch. 10: Feline & Equine Dentistry > Flashcards

Ch. 10: Feline & Equine Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four diseases more common in cats than they are in other species?

A
  1. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS)
  2. Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) aka tooth resorption
  3. Alveolar osteitis
  4. Feline oral pain syndrome (FOPS)
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2
Q

Stomatitis definition

A

Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth

In clinic, this should be described as widespread oral inflammation beyond gingivitis and periodontitis

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3
Q

When inflammation extends into the mucosal tissues, what is this known as?

A

Mucositis

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4
Q

When inflammation extends into the lateral palatine folds, what is this known as?

A

Caudal stomatitis

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5
Q

Describe Type 1 FCGS

A
  • Alveolar and labial/buccal mucositis/stomatitis
  • Can be managable/maintained
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6
Q

Describe Type 2 FCGS

A
  • Caudal mucositis/stomatitis, and w/o alveolar and labial/buccal mucositis/stomatitis
  • Is less managable/maintained
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7
Q

What are the trigger factors/causes of FCGS?

A

Periodontal disease, tooth resorption, pasteurella species, pseudomonas species, tannerella forsythia, chlamydophila felis, plaque bacteria, bartonella species, calicivirus, and herpesvirus

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8
Q

What factors can complicate management of FCGS?

A

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and dietary antigens

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9
Q

Evidence suggests that FCGS is immune-mediated.

True or False?

A

True

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10
Q

Treatment for this condition is extensive and long-term. What treatment may be necessary?

A

Whole-mouth extractions (Some may not respond to treatment at all)

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11
Q

How is FCGS diagnosed?

A

Clinical appearance and clinical signs may be enough for a diagnosis, but testing for calicivirus, FeLV, and FIV should be done. Also, a chemistry profile and a CBC.

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12
Q

When doing blood work on a cat with FCGS, what levels will you most likely see elevated?

A

Elevated blood protein (hyperproteinemia), and elevated globulin (hyperglobulinemia)

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13
Q

What may be the earliest sign noted with stomatitis?

A

Gingival bleeding

Other symptoms include inflamed gingiva, mucosal swelling, cobblestone-textured, bright red, or raspberry like and light touching of the gingiva can result in spontaneous hemorrhage

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14
Q

What procedure can be done to rule other other conditions common with cats?

A

A skin biopsy can be done to rule out eosinophilic granuloma and squamous cell carncinoma

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15
Q

What diagnosis is difficult to rule out with FCGS?

A

It is difficult to determine whether it is an allergic reaction to an additive in commercial pet foods

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16
Q

What is the first stage in management of FCGS?

A

Performing a complete oral health assessment and treatment (COHAT) and intraoral radiographs, any extractions that are needed, and providing medications

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17
Q

What type of drug is mainly used for medical management of FCGS?

A

Corticosteroids

These work by suppressing the immune system, white cells, and antibody synthesis

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18
Q

What is a positive side effect with corticosterioids?

A

An increased appetite

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19
Q

What are negative side effects with corticosterioids?

A

Skin and hair coat changes, muscle wasting, insulin resistance leading to diabetes mellitus, and a decreasing efficacy over time

Long term use of this medication is discouraged

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20
Q

What is stage 2 of the management of FCGS?

A

All teeth extracted caudal to the canines if client can not perform home care. The canines and incisors can be spared IF:
1. The gingiva and bone are in perfect health
2. Client agrees to brush teeth daily
3. Client knows COHAT will be necessary every 4-12 months
4. Client accepts that canines and incisors may need to be removed in the future

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21
Q

What is stage 3 of the management of FCGS?

A

If the patient doesn’t respond to treatment, extraction of all the teeth may be necessary. (As an alternative to FME (full mouth extractions) omega interferon, administered as a local injection and daily oral dosing has shown promise, but this is hard to get as it is not approved in the US by the USDA)

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22
Q

What is stage 4 of the management of FCGS?

A

After FME, if the patient still doesn’t respond, long-term antibiotic and steroid therapy is used to control the patient’s condition.

May also modify diet, provide arithromycin, cyclosporine, bovine lactoferrin, mesenchymal stem cells, and vitamin supplementation

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23
Q

What are some other names for tooth resorption?

A

Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL), neck lesions, cervical line lesions, and cat “cavities”

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24
Q

What is the effect of TR (tooth resorption) on the tooth?

A

Resorption of the tooth and proliferation of the gingiva or pulp to cover the resulting lesion

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25
Q

What are the signs of TR?

A

PAIN (may look different with different patients), behavior changes, may be aggressive, hiding behavior, appetite decreases, and animal may drop food or even hiss at it

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26
Q

What is theorized to be the cause of TR?

A

Many theories have been proposed; an early hypothesis was that they were caused by acids regurgitated with hairballs; the effect on the teeth was compared with that of humans suffering from bulimia

Another theory is that the acids produced by bacteria associated with periodontal disease are responsible

Also, current research indicates that TR may be caused by nutritional problems aggravated by unknown genetic factors

There are conflicting studies regarding correlation between the amount of vitamin D in blood and the incidence of TR in the cat

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27
Q

Which surface of the tooth will lesions most likely occur for humans compared to cats?

A

In humans, the lesions tend to be on lingual surfaces, whereas in cats they occur on either side

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28
Q

What has been a proven cause of TR in rats?

A

Excess vitamin D

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29
Q

How is TR diagnosed?

A

Inflamed gums may initially lead to suspect TR lesions. Some lesions are seen but others may be covered by hyperplastic gingiva

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30
Q

What is necessary to diagnose and treat TR accurately?

A

Dental radiographs

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31
Q

Why is the AVDC TR staging system controversial?

A

Because it is not known whether the disease progresses in stages and it may assume that there is one cause for the disease

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32
Q

What is stage 1 TR?

A

Mild dental hard tissue lost

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33
Q

What is stage 2 TR?

A

Moderate dental hard tissue lost (Loss does not extend to the pulp cavity)

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34
Q

What is stage 3 TR?

A

Deep dental hard tissue lost (Loss extends to the pulp cavity) and most of the tooth retains its integrity

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35
Q

What is stage 4 TR?

A

Extensive dental hard tissue lost (Extends to pulp cavity) and most of the tooth has lost it’s integrity

36
Q

What is stage 5 TR?

A

Remnants of dental hard tissue are visible only as irregular radiopacities, and gingival covering is complete

37
Q

What is the treatment of TR?

A

Extractions of stage 2-4 teeth. Stage 1 usually does not cause pain, and stage 5, unless there is gingival inflammation they do not require treatment

38
Q

How can TR be prevented?

A

Little is known, but reduced vitamin D in the diet may have some benefit. It is also advised for owners to look for AAFCO statements on diets

39
Q

What is alveolar osteitis?

A

It is the expansion of the alveolar or buccal bone

40
Q

What is alveolar osteitis commonly associated with?

A

Periodontal disease

41
Q

How can alveolar osteitis be prevented?

A

Early cases can be treated by periodontal debridement and the placement of a perioceutic such as Doxirobe or Arestin. Advanced cases will need extraction

42
Q

Feline orofacial pain syndrome occurs mainly in what breed?

A

Burmese; thought to be inhereted

43
Q

What are clinical signs of feline orofacial pain syndrome (FOPS)?

A

Behavioral signs of oral discomfort and tongue mutilation. Patients show sporadic one-sided discomfort followed by pain-free intervals. May be seem with grinding teeth and pawing at the mouth

44
Q

What is FOPS thought to be caused by?

A

Damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system

45
Q

Is FOPS a lifelong disease?

A

The disease is often recurrent and, with time, may become constant

46
Q

What medications does FOPS respond to?

A

Anticonvulsants with an analgesic effect (Doesn’t respond to traditional pain medications)

47
Q

What are other diagnoses for FOPS?

A

Retained root fragments, small intestinal lymphoma, or inflammatory bowel disease

48
Q

How many deciduous/permanent teeth do horses have?

A

24 deciduous teeth and 36-44 permanent teeth (depending on presence of canine and first premolar teeth)

49
Q

Which teeth in mares are absent or underdeveloped?

A

Canine teeth

50
Q

Males have 4 canine teeth that erupt at what year of age?

A

4-6 years of age

51
Q

Which teeth are referred to as “wolf” teeth?

A

The permanent/adult first premolars (Occur commonly on the maxilla)

52
Q

Wolf teeth are present in what percentage of males and females?

A

They are present in 25% of females and 15% of males

53
Q

How do the occlusal surfaces of horse teeth compare to dog and cat teeth?

A

At eruption, the occlusal surfaces of horses are fully covered in cementum, compared to dogs and cats where only the root is covered in cementum

54
Q

Which teeth are used to estimate age?

A

Mandibular incisors; this is only an estimate and the most accurate method are times of eruption

55
Q

What are the two methods for estimating age?

A

Appearance of the dental star (moves from labial edge to center of tooth as the horse ages), and the galvayne groove (For 10-30 years, has been found to have little value)

56
Q

Diastema definiton

A

A gap between teeth, as seen between incisors and the cheek teeth in a rabbit and a horse

57
Q

Each quadrant should contain how many cheek teeth in a horse?

A

6 each

58
Q

Which jaw is wider than the other in horses and what is the condition called?

A

The upper jaw (maxilla) is wider than the lower jaw (mandible). This condition is referred to as anisognathism

59
Q

Horse teeth continuously grow.

True or False?

A

True

60
Q

Are occlusal surfaces of horse teeth slightly angled downward toward the lingual aspect of the teeth?

A

No; they are angled toward the buccal aspect of the mouth

61
Q

What is “shear mouth”?

A

This occurs when the angle of the cheek teeth is increased vertically

62
Q

At what age do the mandibles fuse together in a horse?

A

3 months of age; they are not separated by a symphysis as in dogs and cats

63
Q

Horses chew vertically while dogs and cats chew horizontally.

True or False?

A

False; horses chew horizontally while dogs and cats chew vertically because the TMJ is designed differently

64
Q

What is the cause of a tooth root abscess in a horse?

A

Exposure of the pulp to the oral environment or death of a tooth with hematogenous spread of bacteria to exposed pulp

65
Q

What are the causes of pulp exposure?

A

Tooth fracture, excessive wear, or decay

66
Q

Infection of which teeth of a horse can lead to sinusitis and chronic unilateral nasal discharge?

A

The caudal maxillary roots (4th premolar, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd molar) as they are located just ventral to the maxillary sinus

67
Q

What is the best treatment for a tooth root abscess in a horse?

A

Extraction or endodontic therapy

68
Q

Extraction is often difficult because of limited access and a large amount of subgingival tooth structure. What surgery may need to be performed if the teeth are not able to be accessed but need to be extracted?

A

Buccotomy

69
Q

What are orthodontic abnormalities and what are they caused by?

A

Referes to those abnormalities of occlusion caused by abnormal development, eruption, or wear

70
Q

What is “parrot mouth”?

A

Mandibular distoclusion; a developmental disorder in which the lower jaw is shorter than the upper jaw

71
Q

What is “monkey mouth”?

A

Occurs when the maxilla is shorter than the mandible

72
Q

What breed is “monkey mouth” commonly seen in?

A

Miniature horses

73
Q

How often should a horse be evaluated for abnormal wear patterns?

A

At least yearly

74
Q

What is floating?

A

The process of mechanically adjusting the occlusal surfaces of the teeth (Floats are flat file instruments)

75
Q

What is an orthodontic problem seen in foals?

A

Wry nose

76
Q

What is wry nose?

A

Deviation of the incisive bone, maxilla, and nasal septum laterally from the midline

77
Q

Foals affected by wry nose, may have difficulty with what actions?

A

Suckling or prehending forage, and displaying dyspnea that can be so sever that a tracheostomy may be necessary

78
Q

Wry nose is believed to be hereditary in what horse breeds?

A

Arabians and miniature horses

79
Q

At what age is the surgical correction for wry nose performed?

A

5-7 months

80
Q

What is all included in the periodontium?

A

Gingival connective tissue, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone

81
Q

What is the earliest sign of periodontal disease?

A

Gingivitis

82
Q

What is a treatment option for periodontal disease in horses?

A

Off-label use of canine doxycycline gel (Doxirobe) can be used if teeth have not experienced enough attachment loss for extraction, but severe attachment loss and mobility would require extraction

83
Q

What abnormality can occur in all equine teeth and may predispose maxillary cheek teeth to what diseases?

A

Cemental hypoplasia; may predispose maxillary cheek teeth to endodontic disease, tooth fracture, abnormal occlusal patterns, and caries

84
Q

Caries are a result of what?

A

Tooth decay caused by bacterial fermentation of food

85
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The infolding of the occlusal surface of incisors and cheek teeth

86
Q

Infundibular decay refers to what?

A

When a carious lesion occurs within the infundibulum of a tooth

87
Q

Infundibular decay in horses is most likely to affect which teeth?

A

The maxillary first molar tooth

232: Veterinary Dentistry (15 decks)

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