Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Diseases > 5.2 White blood cells > Flashcards

5.2 White blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 major types of leukocyte.

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Lymphocyte
  • Monocyte
  • Basophil
  • Eosinophil

(Not exhaustive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What factors can affect the outcome of an FBC?

A
  • Age (newborns have higher lymphocyte count than adults)
  • Ethnicity
  • Analyser used
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do leukocytes develop from?

A

Pluripotent stem cells -> CFU-GEMM -> cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe neutrophils.

A
  • Distinct
  • Well granulated, granules contain enzymes
  • 3-5 lobed nucelus
  • 12-15um diameter
  • Spend 10 hours in circulation before moving to tissue where they survive for 4-5 days
  • Deal primarily with bacteria and fungi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe monocytes.

A
  • Large cells
  • Blueish cytoplasm
  • Large nucleus
  • Migrate to inflamed and infected tissues
  • Become macrophages when they reach tissues
  • Present antigens to lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe lymphocytes.

A
  • Pale agranular cytoplasm
  • Large nucleus, dense chromatin
  • 6-10um diameter
  • Deal with viruses
  • 2 different lineages: T and B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe basophils.

A
  • Heavily granulated cytoplasm
  • Release histamine
  • Large irregular nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe eosinophils.

A
  • Distinct pink cytoplasm
  • Granulated
  • Multi-lobed nucleus (similair to neutrophil but more heavily granulated)
  • Mediate hypersensitivity reactions primarily to parasites and allergerns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 2 divisions of leukaemia are there?

A
  • Acute
  • Chronic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 2 forms of acute leukaemia.

A
  • Lymphoblastic
  • Acute myeloid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 3 forms of chronic leukaemia.

A
  • Lymhpocytic
  • Chronic myeloid
  • Myelo-monocytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the typical demographic of patients with acute leukaemia.

A
  • Peak incidence in 7th decade
  • 2-3 per 100 000 per annum in children
  • 15 per 100 000 per annum in adults

Rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What symtpoms may a patient with acute leukaemia present with?

A
  • Lethargy
  • Bleeding
  • Gingival hypertrophy
  • Infections
  • Mouth ulcers
  • Lymphadenopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which acute leukaemia type causes bleeding, nosebleeds, bleeding gums and haemorrhage?

A

M3 acute promyelocytic leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which acute leukaemia types can cause gingival hypertrophy?

A

M4 and M5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is acute leukaemeia diagnosed?

A

FBC, blood film, bone marrow tests

16
Q

Describe acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

A
  • Most common childhood malignancy
  • Has many subtypes
  • Signs and symptoms: bleeding, infection, lymphadenopathy, other organ involvement
  • Treatment involves chemotherapy and an allogeneic BM transplant for adults
  • Susceptible to oral thrush and bacterial infections
  • Good prognosis in children (over 90%)
  • Survival rate decreases with age
17
Q

How is acute myeloid leukaemia treated?

A
  • 3-4 cycles of intensive inpatient chemotherapy
  • Allogeneic bone marrow transplant for intermediate and high risk groups
18
Q

Describe chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

A
  • Common in older patients
  • Weight loss, night sweats, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly
19
Q

Describe chronic myeloid leukaemia.

A
  • Raised WBC count
  • Median pt age of 50-60
  • Lethargy, weight loss, blurred vision, headaches, splenomegaly
  • Treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors to block cancer growth
20
Q

What types of lymphoma are there?

A
  • Non-Hodgkin’s: T or B cell
  • Hodgkin’s: classical and non-classical
21
Q

Describe the presentation of lymphoma.

A

Variable presentation.
- Lymphadenopathy
- Classic B symptoms: weight loss, night sweats and lethargy

22
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for lymphoma?

A
  • Different cancer type e.g. oral cancer
  • Infection e.g. severe dental abscess, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis
23
Q

What is the peak age for lymphoma?

A

20-29

24
Q

How is lymphoma diagnosed?

A
  • Thorough history
  • Biopsy of lymph node/mass (within 6 weeks)
  • CT thorax, abdomen and pelvis
  • Bone marrow required for staging of cancer
25
Q

How is Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated?

A
  • IV chemo
  • Oral chemotherapy for low grade cancer
  • Radiotherapy for local disease control
  • Autologous stem cell transplant for relapsed aggressive types
26
Q

How is Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated?

A
  • IV chemo +/- radiotherapy
  • Autologous translpant if relapsed or refractory disease
  • Allogeneic transplant in select patients with multiple relapse
27
Q

Describe myeloma.

A
  • B-cell cancer
  • Malignant plasma cell disorder
  • Incurable
  • Characterised by presence of a paraprotein or abnormal light chain and end organ damage
  • Median age at diagnosis: 65
28
Q

How is myeloma diagnosed?

A
  • FBC
  • Renal function
  • Calcium
  • Serum electrophoresis for paraprotein
  • Urine electrophoresis for Bence Jones protein
  • Skeletal survey
  • Bone marrow examination
  • CT skull shows raindrop appearance (small circles of bone loss)
29
Q

How is myeloma treated?

A

Chemotherapy and bisphosphonates (ONJ risk).
Autologous bone marrow transplant used in pts under 70 with minimal/no comorbidities.

30
Q

What is ONJ?

A

Osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Exposed bone in maxillofacial region for more than 8 weeks in the absence of radiotherapy.

31
Q

What are myelodysplastic syndromes?

A
  • Group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells
  • Acquired bone marrow failure
  • Increasing incidence with age
  • Only cure is allogeneic transplantation
  • Supportive care with blood products and GFs
  • Some chemotherapy drugs may be suitable for some patients

Human Diseases (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions