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Lent term fourth year > Respiratory disease in cattle > Flashcards

Respiratory disease in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What does inspiratory stertor vs exaggerated resp effort suggest about location of infection

A

Inspiratory stertor –> URT
Increased resp effort –> LRT

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2
Q

Difference in type of cough with upper and lower resp issues

A

Harsh non-productive cough = URT
Moist cough = LRT

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3
Q

What do crackle lung sounds indicate

A

accumulation of fluid in airway
e.g in fog fever, pulmonary oedema

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4
Q

What are wheezing lung sounds

A

Musical, continuous sounds
Seen in chronic pneumonias, bacterial pneumonias, fibrosing alveolitis
- High pitch = small airways affected
-Low pitch = large airways affected

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5
Q

What does stertor sounds indication

A

Accumulation of secretions in extra-thoracic airway

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6
Q

What are pleural friction rub sounds

A

Rubbing sandpaper like sounds
Seen in advanced pasteurellosis pneumonia

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7
Q

What is stridor sound and what does it indicate

A

Wheezing on inspiration; suggests obstruction in upper airway e.g in calf diptheria, pharyngeal abscesses

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8
Q

When might we hear decreased or absent lung sounds

A

With pneumothorax, pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia

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9
Q

Some of the most common respiratory conditions in cows

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Pasteurellosis (shipping fever)
Fog fever
Lungworm
Inhalation pneumonia
Chronic pulmonary disease

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10
Q

Pathogenesis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

From bovine herpes virus 1
- Can get latency; shedding during stress

Type of disease caused: respiratory (pyrexia, white plaques on nasal mucosa, coughing, milk drop, tracheobronchitis), conjunctival, bortion, infectious pustulovaginitis, enteritis, encephalomyelitis

= broad range

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11
Q

What may be the first sign of BHV-1 infections in dairy herd

A

Milk drop (due to respiratory form of disease)

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12
Q

Dealing with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

Can vaccinate in face of outbreak
Treatment unrewarding; if secondary bacterial infections can treat that; NSAIDs may help

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13
Q

Cause of pasteurellosis Shipping fever

A

= Mannheimia haemolytica
(may have involvement of B trehalosi + P multocida)

= commensal BUT can cause infection after stress/viral infection
Seen in weaned beef cows following stress e.g moving

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14
Q

Clinical signs of pasteurellosis (shipping fever)

A

Moist painful cough, shallow breathing, pyrexia, depression, salivation, crackles on auscultation (fluid)

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15
Q

Post mortem findings in shipping fever pastuerellosis

A

= fibrinous bronchopneumonia; cranioventral
+ yellow pleural fluid
(can get bullous emphysema)

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16
Q

dEaling with shipping fever

A

Treat with long acting antibiotics, NSAIDs fluids, nursing
Prevent via good hygeine, ventilation, vaccination before risk periods?

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17
Q

Cause of Fog fever and typical group seen in

A

= HERD issue after moving onto rich pasture; usually adult suckler cows

Due to L-tryptophan in foggage being converted into 3-methyl indole by ruminal microbes
= TOXIC to type 1 pneumocytes

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18
Q

Pathogenesis of fog fever + PM findings

A

Pulmonary congestion and oedema; type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, interstitial emphysema, congestion and haemorrhage

ON PM: lungs grossly large, red and heavy

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19
Q

Clinical signs of fog fever

A

Rapid breathing progressing to air hunger mouth breathing
NO COUGHING
Frothing at mouth
Death within a few days usually

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20
Q

How could we treat a cow with fog fever

A

Remove whole herd from pasture
Give diuretics to clinical cases, + can give NSAIDs, clebuterol (as in asthma)

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21
Q

Cause of lungworm ‘husk’ and which cattle usually affected

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous
- Typically cattle in first grazing season in Autumn
BUT now that adults less immune due to routine anthelmintic use get more disease in adults

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22
Q

Clinical signs and diagnosis of lungworm

A

Harsh cough, increased resp effort and rate; can get emphysema
Diagnosis via Baermann sedimentation; can look at bulk milk ELISA; hearing crackles over dorso-caudal lung lobes

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23
Q

Treating lungworm in cattle

A

Most anthelmintics dine
Levamisole = immunomodulatory so avoids mass killing
Eprinomectin = 0 milk withdrawal time

+ can vaccinate

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24
Q

Bovine resp syncytial virus pathogenesis

A

Mainly calves affected
Invades lower airways, damaged mucocilliary transport, impairs immune cell function
+ can get Ab-Ag complexes which may explain biphasic disease with severe disease weeks later

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25
Q

Signs of Bovine RSV infection

A

Pyrexia, milk drop, depression, nasal discharge, dyspnoea
+ emphysema in severe cases

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26
Q

How do we diagnose RSV infections in cattle

A

Need virus isolation i.e FAT or PCR
NB: can’t do this from nasopharyngeal swabs because this is a LRT virus

27
Q

Causes, signs and treatment of inhalation pneumonia

A

Regurgitation due to hypocalcaemia, incorrect drenching, choke/retrophargyngeal abscess, post sedation

See gangrenous bronchopneumonia, foul breath, cough, crackles/wheezes/pleural frictino rubs

URGENT high conc antibiotics

28
Q

3 similarly presenting chornic pulmonary diseases

A

all = fatal; slaughter asap
Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis
Chronic suppurative pneumonia
Chronic pulmonary abscessation

29
Q

Cause of pulmonary thromboembolism

A

Haematogenous spread of septic emboli from a thrombus
- Usually from liver abscesses via CdVC
- Can also be from right AV heart valve seeding directly to lungs

Then get lung abscesses; can rupture and cause haemorrhage

30
Q

Signs of pulmonary thromboembolism

A

Fast resp rate, snoring sounds on bronchi; if haemorrhage see epistaxis, melaenia if swallowed; can progress to sudden death in pool of blood

+ on bloods; likely see signs of liver damage, anaemia

31
Q

What is allergic alveolitis

A

= Bovine farmer’s lung
Seen in housed cows due to repeated exposure to mouldy hay dust
> Primary exposure: mould spores penetrate lower airways and germinate to produce ‘Farmer’s lung hay antigen’

> Subsequent exposure give TYPE III and IV HYPERSENSITIVITY reaction

32
Q

Clinical signs and PM results in bovine farmer’s lung

A

Increased resp rate, dyspnoea, coughing, caudo-ventral crackles, weight loss if chronic

PM: small grey spots b/w pleura in lungs

33
Q

What is contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

A

=notifiable disease (no longer in UK)
From Mycoplasma mycoides var mycoides

34
Q

Cause of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Ovine herpes virus 2
> Diarrhoea signs more obvious than resp

35
Q

Which breeds are prone to milk alergy

A

Channel island breeds
- Allergy is to alpha-caesin

36
Q

Roughly what % of fat and protein should milk replacer be

A

20% protein
20% fat

37
Q

3 most common primary pathogens in enzootic pneumonia of calves

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Parainfluenza 3 (PI3)
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus = BHV1

38
Q

What organisms can be primary pathogens in enzootic pneumonia of calves in poor husbandry situations

A

Mycoplasma, ureaplasma
+ pasteurellas, H somnus

39
Q

secondary pathogens in calf enzootic pneumonia

A

** Mannheimia haemolytica
+ also see Salmonella, C pyogenes

40
Q

Basic summary of progression through calf enzootic pneumonia

A

1) URT viral: pyrexia, thin nasal discharge, local inflammatino
2) LRT viral: more widespread inflammation + mucus response; thicker nasal discharge
3) LRT bacterial: coughing up mucopurulent discharge; shivering

41
Q

What is acute neonatal respiratory syndrome

A

Seen in some premature calves
- Due to failure of maturation of type II pneumocytes

42
Q

Types of acute pneumonias seen in calves

A

1) Acute pneumonia from overwhelming bacterial infection during enzootic pneumonia
2) Acute necrotising pneumonia; due to drenching = inhalation pneumonia

43
Q

What is ‘calf sleeper syndrome’

A

Thrombo-embolic meningoencephalitis
- Likely Mycoplasma as primary pathogen
- Then histophilus somnus

44
Q

Ideal conditions for housed calves to avoid stress

A

Temp 13-22 degrees
70% humidity
Good ventilation
Acoid crowing
Separate age groups
Isolation of recent purchases

45
Q

WHat would bromhexidine hydrochloride be used for in calf resp disease

A

As a mucolytic; can be combined with antibiotic to ensure better penetration of the antibiotic

46
Q

Pathological features of mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Usually a chronic bronchopneumonia; non-suppurative and lymphocytic

See consolidation of cranio-ventral lobes with red/grey collapsed areas
Key histopath = peribronchiolar lymphocytic cuff

47
Q

Pathological features of acute bacterial pneumonia

A

Grossly lung is full and red
cranioventral consolidation due to inflammatory exudate of neutrophils and macrophages

48
Q

Pathological features of chronic bacterial pneumonia

A

= suppurative
Bronchiectasis due to bacterial toxins damaging bronchioles making them necrotic and permanently dilated

Fibrosis

Can get cor pulmonlae = hypertrophy of RV muscle due to high pressure of lungs (vasoconstricted)

49
Q

Which bacteria are commonly isolated from chronic suppurative pneumonias

A

Trueperella pyogenes; gram +ve haemolytic, facultative anaerobic rod
= commensal opportunist

Fusobacterium necrophrum; gram -ve rod shaped bacillus; invasive; causes tissue damage

50
Q

When do we see pharyngeal abscesses and which organisms are involved

A

In calves; epithelial damage due to things stuck down pharynx
- Often T pyogenes

Can also get F necrophorum; will see mass of necrotic tissue = part of calf diptheria

51
Q

Causative agent of calf diptheria

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

52
Q

What is the main causative agent of necrotising laryngitis

A

= Trueperella pyogenes

53
Q

What can be a consequence of necrotising laryngitis

A

Aspiration pneumonia which will be suppurative +/- necrotising
Cranio-venrtral

54
Q

Cause of embolic suppurative pneumonia

A

Bacterial emboli within circulation; often a complication of navel ill and acute septic arthritis/meningitis

55
Q

Pathological features of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

Lesions in nasal passages, trachea, pneumonia
Get necrosis of epithelial cells THEN can get secondary bacterial infections causing suppuration along whole length of resp tract

56
Q

Which is the only primary bacterial pneumonia due to

A

Manheimia haemolytica

57
Q

Pathological features of acute suppurative bronchopneumonia (due to M haemolytica)

A

Fibrino-puulent exudate
Lungs mottled with yellow, white, red

58
Q

Which two agents commonly cause emphysema and how do we differentiate

A

RSV; in housed calves
Bovine lungworm; cattle at pasture

59
Q

Key histopath features of fog fever

A

{Diffuse alveolar damage but smoother apperance to cut surface}

Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes; hyaline membranes seen

60
Q

What is atypical interstitial pneumonia

A

Response to chronic lung injury e.g from diffuse alveolar damage

–> Called diffuse fibrosing alveolitis
See heavy pale lungs with lots of collageb

61
Q

MOst common cause of cor pulmonale

A

Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis

62
Q

What does granulomatous pneumonia suggest

A

Bovine TB

63
Q

What is bronchiolitis obliterans

A

Occurs following chronic bronchiolitis/bronchitis e.g in Bovine farmer’s lung
- Bronchioles can’t clear inflammatory debris SO fibroblasts infiltrate and get fibrin rich exudate and collagen formation
- Forms polyp within lumen
THEN hypertrophy of smooth muscle in
pulmonary arteries
- Pressure can lead to cor pulmonale

Lent term fourth year (38 decks)

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