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Lent term fourth year > urinary disease in cattle > Flashcards

urinary disease in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Dysuria definition

A

frequent passage of small amounts of urine with pain

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2
Q

Polyuria definition

A

increase in amount of urine produced

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3
Q

Stranguria definition

A

slow, painful urination passing drop by drop

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4
Q

Oliguria definition

A

scantiness of urine due to diminished secrtion

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5
Q

Which kidney is palpable per rectum

A

Left (because right it too far cranial)

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6
Q

When do we get false +ve proteinuria results

A

In calves which have had colostrum; some protein spills out
Highly alkaline ruminant urine
Misxture with vaginal discharge if doing free catch

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7
Q

WHat do we interpret glycosuria as

A

Unimportant usually; false +ves can be from stress, medications

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8
Q

What is a normal USG range

A

1.022 - 1.045
In acute renal failure it is <1.022 i.e can’t concentrate urine

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9
Q

What might brown or brown/red urine mean

A

Myoglobinuria in severe myopathy

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10
Q

How many WBCs is it normal to see per high power field in urine anaylsus

A

1-5WBCs
More suggests inflammatino or degnereation (or false +ve from vaginal discharge)

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11
Q

Causes of haemoglobinuria

A

Babesiosis, kale/rape toxicity, post-partum, leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, copper poisoning, water intoxication

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12
Q

Causes of haematuria

A

pyelonephritis, cystitis, bracken poisoning (called enzootic haematuria), urolithiasis

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13
Q

What is enzootic haematuria

A

Bracken poisoning

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14
Q

Embolic nephritis causes and signs

A

Usually secondary to septicaemia
Can get in endocarditis

Signs = pyrexia, septicaemia
Uralysis shows blood and protein in urine + WBCs, RBCs and bacteria

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15
Q

What causes renal ischaemia

A

Reduced perfusion e.g in severe deehydration

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16
Q

What is toxic nephrosis

A

Damage to renal tubules by toxins
Usually due to overdose from weight estimation being wrong OR severe dehydration

Nephrotoxic drugs include: aminoglycosides, propylene glycol, sulphonamides (precipitate in tubules)

Also can be due to iscahemic changes, haemoconcentrationm endotoxaemia

17
Q

What is the most common renal disease in cattle

A

PYelonephritis

18
Q

What causes pyelonephritis and what are the predisposing factors

A

Ascending infection by Corynebacterium renale and E coli
> Dystocia, bladder paralysis, catheterisation

19
Q

Clinical signs of pyelonephritis

A

POlyuria, stranguria, gross abnormalities in urine e.g pus
- Pyrexia, anorexia, milk drop, colic
-> Progresses to: diarrhoea, anaemia, weight loss

Palpate enlarged painful kidney with loss of lobulations and thickened ureters

20
Q

What causes glomerulonephritis

A

Rare
From immune complex deposition in glomerulus or from specific antibodies targeted to basement membrane of glomerulus

  • Often secondary to another issue with produced antibodies e.g abscesses
21
Q

What is amyloidosis in kidney

A

Extracellular deposition of amyloid
Usually secondary to chronic conditions in older cattle

22
Q

What is cystitis and what predisposes to it

A

Inflammation and infection of the bladder
Often secondary to bladder paralysis, chronic irritation from cystic calculi, urachal remnants

23
Q

Signs of bladder paralysis

A

Can’t empty bladder if stimulated
Dribbling urine; enlarged bladder

24
Q

What is haemorrhagic cystitis associated with

A

malignant catarrhal fever

25
Q

What is enzootic haematuria

A

Progressive non-infectious cystitis with tissue metaplasia of the bladder

Signs = haematuria, stranguria, anaemia, no fever

26
Q

What factors are involved in enzootic haematuria

A

Bovine papilloma viruses
Bracken fern

27
Q

What would we see in abdominal fluid with bladder rupture

A

Creatinine higher than in serum

28
Q

Most common cause of bladder neoplaisa

A

Enzootic haematuria

29
Q

Factors contributing to urolithiasis

A

High concentrate, high phosphorus, improper Ca/PP balance, lots of silica or oxalates, vit A deficiency, oestrogens, hypervitaminasis D

Early castration of males can reduce diameter of distal urinary tract

30
Q

What is hydrospadia

A

failure of closure of male urethra so mucosal surface exposed from perineum to tip of prepuce; urine emerges just beneath anus

31
Q

What bacteria causes bacillary haemoglobinuria

A

Clostridium haemolyticum

32
Q

How can water intoxication lead to haemoglobinuria

A

Over-hydration leads to hypo-osmolar plasma and erythrocyte lysis

33
Q

What might blue black kidneys on PM indicate

A

Copper poisoning e.g from over supplementatino or ragwort poisoning

34
Q

What is a horseshoe shaped kidney

A

Fused kidney
= congenital abnormality

Lent term fourth year (38 decks)

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