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CVSOH BVSc4 > Neuro - bovine > Flashcards

Neuro - bovine Flashcards

1
Q

How do you do a neuro exam on a cow?

A

General first - TPR, hydration status, rumen function
Cranial nerve deficits
Peripheral nerve deficits
Biochem/haem

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2
Q

What tests do you do to determine cranial nerve function?

A

Facial asymmetry/loss of sensation
Menace response
Pupillary light reflex
Palpebral reflex
Nystagmus
Strabosmus
Lingual paralysis
Head tilt

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3
Q

What tests do you do to determine peripheral nerve function?

A

Sensation - pinch digits
Motor control - weight bearing

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4
Q

What are the 4 infectious diseases that cause neurological disorders in cows?

A

Listeriosis
BSE
Abscesses
Tetanus, botulism - Clostridial diseases

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5
Q

What traumatic disease can cause neurological disorders in cows?

A

Vertebral trauma

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6
Q

What metabolic diseases can cause neurological disorders in cows?

A

Ketosis
Hypomagnesaemia
Hypocalcaemia

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7
Q

What toxins can cause neurological disorders in cows?

A

Ragwort
Lead
Urea
Ryegrass staggers

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8
Q

What type of pathogen is listeria?

A

Gram positive facultative anaerobe

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9
Q

What causes listeriosis?

A

Spoiled feed - bad silage or soil in feed
Soil exposure

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10
Q

How does listeria cause neurological disease?

A

Listeria enters via oral mucosa, goes up trigeminal nerve to brain stem and causes meningoencephalitis

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11
Q

What are the signs of listeriosis?

A

Dull
Cranial nerve deficits -
Blindness
Head tilt/ear droop
Ptosis
Ptyalism
Normal prehension/mastication
Not circling/ataxic

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12
Q

How do you treat listeriosis?

A

NSAIDs
Systemic antibiotics - high dose penicillin essential
Nursing

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13
Q

What notifiable disease causes neuro signs in cows?

A

BSE

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14
Q

What are the signs of BSE?

A

Apprehension
Hyperaesthesia - kicking when milked
Hind limb motor deficits - ataxia
Change in temperament
Aggression
Compulsive licking

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15
Q

How do you diagnose/manage BSE?

A

Clinical signs/exclusion of other differentials
Contact APHA
Post mortem for definitive diagnosis

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16
Q

What can cause brain abscesses in cows?

A

Typically gram positive anaerobes
Dehorning sinusitis
Haematogenous spread

17
Q

How do you treat brain abscesses?

A

Antibiotics - long duration
NSAIDs

18
Q

What tend to cause spinal abscesses?

A

T. pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Haematogenous spread

19
Q

What can cause vertebral trauma?

A

Accident eg. stuck in feeder
Bulling injury

20
Q

What is the treatment for vertebral trauma?

A

Nursing - lifting, deep straw bed
NSAIDs

21
Q

What congenital conditions can calves get causing neurological disease?

A

Viral associated:
BVD virus
Schmallenburg virus
Bluetongue virus

22
Q

What acquired neurological condition can calves get that is evident from birth?

A

Cerebral anoxia

23
Q

What congenital abnormalities does BVD cause?

A

Internal hydrocephalus
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Poor prognosis

24
Q

What spreads Schmallenburg virus?

A

Vector - midge

25
Q

What does schmallenburg virus cause?

A

Bite during pregnancy - neuro disease in calf
Bilateral blindness
Ataxia
Recumbency
Inability to suck
Stillborn
Bite before pregnancy - dam immunity

26
Q

What causes cerebral anoxia?

A

Prolonged birth/dystocia

27
Q

What are some neuro conditions of neonatal calves/growing calves?

A

CCN/thiamine deficiency
Meningitis
Middle ear disease
Hypoglycaemia
Lead poisoning

28
Q

What neuro disease does bracken cause in cows?

A

Thiamine deficiency - cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)

29
Q

What pathological changes does CCN lead to in cows?

A

Cerebral oedema
Pressure necrosis due to oedema
Necrosis of cerebral cortex
Fluorescence under UV light

30
Q

What clinical signs does CCN cause in cows?

A

Depression
Bilateral central blindness
Ataxia
Muscle tremors
Collapse

31
Q

What are some differentials for CCN in cows?

A

Lead posioning
Hypovitaminosis A
Meningitis
Listeriosis

32
Q

What most commonly causes meningitis in cows/calves?

A

E coli - from naval/joint ill
Failure of passive transfer

33
Q

How do you treat meningitis in calves?

A

Systemic antibiotics - must cross BBB
Amoxycillin
Trimethoprim
NSAIDS
Fluids

34
Q

What causes middle ear disease in calves?

A

Ascending infection from respiratory tract - pneumonia
Otitis externa
Mycoplasma bovis

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of middle ear disease?

A

Head tilt to affected side
No cranial nerve deficits

36
Q

What signs do lead poisoning cause? What does it depend on?

A

Dose
Acute, high exposure - neuro signs
Chronic, low exposure - GI signs

37
Q

What are the neuro signs of lead poisoning?

A

Bilateral central blindness
Jaw grinding (bruxism), champing
Head pressing
Seizures

38
Q

How do you diagnose and treat lead poisoning?

A

Inform APHA - stop going into food chain
Blood/kidney lead levels

Supportive
Oral salts - precipitate soluble lead
Lead chelating agents

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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