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A&P II > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Flow Rule

A
  • Flow occurs from high pressure to low pressure
  • P is the force pushing blood against the various factors resisting the flow of liquid in a pipe
  • flow = p/r
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2
Q

Pressure gradients drive flow from ___ pressure to ___ pressure

A

high; low

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3
Q

P =
(systemic circuit)

A

pressure in aorta minus pressure in vena cava just before it empties into right atrium

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4
Q

Pressure in aorta =

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP) = 90 mm Hg

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5
Q

Pressure in vena cava =

A

central venous pressure (CVP) = 0 mm Hg

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6
Q

Pressure gradient across the circuits formula

A

P = MAP – CVP = 90 – 0 = 90 mm Hg

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7
Q

P =
( pulmonary circuit)

A

pressure in pulmonary arteries minus pressure in pulmonary veins

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8
Q

Pulmonary arterial pressure =

A

15 mm Hg

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9
Q

Pulmonary venous pressure =

A

0 mm Hg

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10
Q

Which pressure gradient is larger systemic or pulmonary

A

systemic

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11
Q

T/F: Flow through both circuits is equal (systemic v. Diastole)

A

true

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12
Q

Factors affecting resistance to flow

A
  • Radius of vessel
  • Length of vessel
  • Viscosity of fluid, depends on amount of RBCs and proteins
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13
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

combined resistance of all blood vessels within the systemic circuit

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14
Q

Vasoconstriction in network ->______ ->_______

A

increased resistance; decreased flow

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15
Q

Vasodilation in network-> ______-> _______

A

decreased resistance; increased flow

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16
Q

Flow =

A

cardiac output (CO)

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17
Q

P =

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

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18
Q

R =

A

total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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19
Q

CO =

A

MAP / TPR

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20
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

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21
Q

whats involved in microcirculation

A

Arterioles
Capillaries: site of exchange
Venules

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22
Q

Veins:

A

return blood to heart

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23
Q

label artery and vein diagram

A
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24
Q

____ cells line inner layer of all blood vessels

A

Endothelial

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25
Q

components of blood vessel walls:

A

Smooth muscle
Fibrous connective tissue
Collagen
Elastic connective tissue
Elastin

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26
Q

Arteries

A
  • Rapid transport pathway
  • Large diameter
  • Little resistance
  • Walls contain elastic and fibrous tissue
  • Under high pressure
  • Muscular arteries
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27
Q

Arteries expand as blood? And Recoil?

A

enters arteries during systole; during diastole

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28
Q

Compliance

A

measure of how the pressure of a vessel will change with a change in volume

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29
Q

Small increase in blood volume causes a

A

large increase in pressure

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30
Q

Large increase in blood volume is required to

A

produce a large increase in pressure

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31
Q

Systolic blood pressure =

A

maximum pressure

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32
Q

Diastolic blood pressure =

A

minimum pressure

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33
Q

Diastolic blood pressure =

A

minimum pressure

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34
Q

Arterial Blood Pressure

A
  • Pressure in the aorta
  • Varies with cardiac cycle
  • Not zero due to elastic recoil
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35
Q

Pressure cuff and sphygmomanometer

A
  • Compressed artery
  • Turbulent flow produces Korotkoff sound
  • Pressure at first Korotkoff sound = systolic blood pressure
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36
Q

Uncompressed artery

A
  • Laminar flow, no sound
  • Pressure when sound disappears = diastolic blood pressure
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37
Q

The measured BP is shown as

A

SP/DP

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38
Q

Pulse pressure =

A

SP – DP

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39
Q

MAP =

A

SP + (2DP) / 3

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40
Q

Arterioles

A
  • resistant vessels
  • Part of microcirculation
  • Connect arteries to capillaries
  • Contain rings of smooth muscle to regulate radius and, therefore, resistance
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41
Q

____ provide greatest resistance to blood flow

A

Arterioles

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42
Q

Arteriolar tone

A

Contraction level (radius) is independent of extrinsic influences

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43
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Increased contraction = decreased radius

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44
Q

Vasodilation

A

Decreased contraction = increased radius

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45
Q

Functions of varying arteriole radius

A
  • Controlling blood flow to individual capillary beds
  • Regulating mean arterial pressure
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46
Q

Changes associated with increased metabolic activity generally cause

A

vasodilation
Carbon dioxide
Potassium
Hydrogen ions

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47
Q

Changes associated with decreased metabolic activity generally cause

A

vasoconstriction

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48
Q

Active hyperemia

A

increased blood flow in response to increased metabolic activity

49
Q

Steady state
(active hyperemia)

A
  • O2 is delivered as fast as it is consumed
  • CO2 is removed as fast as it is produced
50
Q

Increased metabolic rate
(active hyperemia)

A
  • O2 is consumed faster than it is delivered
  • CO2 is produced faster than it is removed
51
Q

Response to low O2 and high CO2

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Vasodilation increases blood flow
52
Q

Increased blood flow

A

Delivers more O2
Removes more CO2

53
Q

Reactive hyperemia

A

increased blood flow in response to a previous reduction in blood flow

54
Q

Blockage of blood flow to tissues causes?

A
  • Metabolites increase and oxygen decreases
  • Vasodilation
55
Q

When blockage is released what occurs?

A
  • Increased blood flow due to low resistance
  • Metabolites removed, oxygen delivered
56
Q

Myogenic response:

A

change in vascular resistance in response to stretch of blood vessels in the absence of external factors

57
Q

Myogenic autoregulation of blood flow

A
  • Increased perfusion pressure increases blood flow and pressure in arterioles
  • Increased pressure in arteriole stretches arteriole wall
  • Stretch of vascular smooth muscle induces contraction of vascular smooth muscle—inherent property of smooth muscle
  • Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow
58
Q

Purpose of Myogenic autoregulation of blood flow

A

keep blood flow constant (autoregulate)

59
Q

Radius of arterioles is regulated by

A

extrinsic mechanisms to control mean arterial pressure

60
Q

Extrinsic Control of Arteriole Radius and Mean Arterial Pressure is sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

sympathetic

61
Q

Epinephrine

A

Released from adrenal medulla

62
Q

Vasopressin (ADH)

A
  • Secreted by posterior pituitary
  • Increases water reabsorption by kidneys
  • Vasoconstriction
63
Q

Angiotensin II

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increases TPR
64
Q

Capillaries

A

Site of exchange between blood and tissue

65
Q

Capillary walls

A
  • One cell layer
  • Small diffusion barrier
  • Have greatest total cross-sectional area
  • Have slowest velocity of blood flow, which enhances exchange
66
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • Most common
  • Small gaps between endothelial cells
  • Allow small water-soluble molecules to move through
67
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A
  • Large gaps between endothelial cells forming pores or fenestrations (windows)
  • Allow proteins, and in some cases blood cells, to move through
68
Q

Metarterioles

A
  • Intermediate between arterioles and capillaries
  • Directly connect arterioles to venules
  • Function as shunts to bypass capillaries
69
Q

Contraction of metarterioles->

A

increase blood flow through capillaries

70
Q

Relaxation of metarterioles

A

decrease blood flow through capillaries

71
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A
  • Rings of smooth muscle that surround capillaries on the arteriole end
  • Contract and relax in response to local factors only
72
Q

Contraction of precap sphincters ->

A

constricts capillary decreases blood flow

73
Q

Relaxation of precap sphnicters->

A

increases blood flow

74
Q

Metabolites cause

A

relaxation

75
Q

label venule and arteriole diagram

A
76
Q

Lipophilic

A

across membrane

77
Q

Lipophobic

A

through channels

78
Q

Transcytosis

A

exchangeable proteins

79
Q

Bulk flow of fluid across capillary wall based on?

A

pressure gradients

80
Q

Protein-free plasma moves across _____

A

capillaries

81
Q

Filtration =

A

movement out of capillary into interstitial space

82
Q

Absorption =

A

movement into capillary from interstitial space

83
Q

Forces for bulk flow

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

84
Q

Hydrostatic pressure gradient

A

force due to fluid

85
Q

Osmotic pressure:

A

osmotic force exerted on water by nonpermeating solutes

86
Q

Only nonpermeating solute

A

proteins

87
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

osmotic force of proteins

88
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

A
  • capillary BP
  • Arteriole end = 38 mm Hg
  • Venous end = 16 mm Hg
  • Favors filtration
89
Q

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure =

A

0–1 mm Hg
Favors reabsorption

90
Q

Capillary oncotic osmotic pressure

A

25 mm Hg
Favors reabsorption

91
Q

Interstitial fluid oncotic osmotic pressure

A

0–1 mm Hg
Favors filtration

92
Q

Osmotic pressure gradient

A

25 – 0 = 25 mm Hg
Favors reabsorption

93
Q

Net filtration pressure =

A

filtration pressure – absorption pressure

94
Q

Net across capillary:

A

filtration > absorption

95
Q

Factors affecting filtration and absorption across capillaries

A
  • Standing on feet
  • Injuries
  • liver disease
  • kidney disease
  • heart disease
  • venules
  • veins
96
Q

Veins

A
  • Expand with little change in pressure
  • Function as blood reservoir
  • 60% total blood volume in systemic veins at rest
97
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A
  • Squeezes on veins, increasing pressure
  • Blood moves toward heart
  • Blood cannot move backward due to valves
98
Q

Factors That Influence Venous Pressure and Venous Return

A
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
  • Blood volume
  • Venomotor tone
99
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Decreases pressure in thoracic cavity
  • Increases pressure in abdominal cavity
100
Q

Pressure on veins in abdominal cavity creates gradient favoring?

A

blood movement to thoracic cavity

101
Q

Increased blood volume->

A

increased venous pressure

102
Q

Decreased blood volume->

A

decreased venous pressure

103
Q

Venomotor tone

A

-Smooth muscle tension in the veins
- Increases central venous pressure
- Decreases venous compliance
- Increases venous return

104
Q

Smooth muscle in walls of veins is innervated by

A

sympathetic nervous system

105
Q

Lymphatic System

A

-system of vessels, nodes, and organs
- Vessels are involved in returning excess filtrate to circulation
- Vessels form an open system starting at the capillaries
- Lymph moves from capillaries to veins
- Lymphatic veins drain into the thoracic duct, which empties into the right atrium
- Lymph moves through the lymphatic veins in the same way as blood flows through regular veins
- Also part of immune system (macrophages)

106
Q

Determinants of Mean Arterial Pressure

A

Heart rate
Stroke volume
Total peripheral resistance

107
Q

Short-term regulation of MAP

A
  • Regulates cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
  • Involves the heart and blood vessels
  • Primarily neural control
108
Q

Long-term regulation of MAP

A
  • minutes to days
  • Regulates blood volume
  • Involves the kidneys
  • Primarily hormonal control
109
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • pressure receptors
  • Sometimes called stretch receptors
110
Q

Arterial baroreceptors

A
  • sinoaortic receptors
  • Aortic arch
    -Carotid sinuses
  • Respond to stretching due to pressure changes in arteries
111
Q

Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure

A
  • Cardiovascular control center
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Integration center for blood pressure regulation
112
Q

Cardiovascular control center: Input

A

Arterial baroreceptors
Low-pressure baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Higher brain centers

113
Q

Autonomic output to cardiovascular effectors

A

Parasympathetic input to
SA node (decreases HR)

114
Q

Sympathetic input to

A
  • SA node (increases HR)
  • Ventricular myocardium (increases contractility)
  • Arterioles (increases resistance)
  • Veins (increases venomotor tone)
115
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

negative feedback loop to maintain blood pressure at normal level

116
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • Decreases blood volume
  • Triggers the baroreceptive reflex
  • Increases sympathetic activity
  • Decreases parasympathetic activity
117
Q

Adrenal medulla releases?

A

epinephrine in response to sympathetic activity

118
Q

Vasopressin and angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstrictors
Increase TPR
Increase MAP

A&P II (8 decks)

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