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A&P II > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

O2 moves from alveoli to blood at the same rate it is

A

consumed by cells

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2
Q

CO2 moves from blood to alveoli at the same rate it is

A

produced by cells

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3
Q

Partial pressure of a gas =

A

proportion of pressure of entire gas that is due to presence of the individual gas

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4
Q

Partial pressure of a gas depends on

A

fractional concentration of the gas

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5
Q

Total pressure of gas mixture formula

A

Pgas = %gas × Ptotal

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6
Q

Composition of air

A
  • 79% nitrogen
  • 21% oxygen
  • Trace amounts of carbon dioxide, helium, argon, and other gases
  • Water can be a factor depending on humidity
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7
Q

partial pressure of a gas affects

A

the amount of gas that goes into solution

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8
Q

Partial pressures of vaporized and dissolved gases will be

A

equal at equilibrium

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9
Q

CO2 is ____ soluble than O2 in water (and blood)

A

more

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10
Q

Gases diffuse ___ pressure gradients

A

down ; high to low

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11
Q

Diffusion between alveoli and blood is rapid because

A

Small diffusion barrier
Large surface area

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12
Q

Mixed venous blood

A

All systemic venous blood returns to the right atrium and is pumped out of the right ventricle and into the pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Amount of O2 and CO2 that is exchanged in a vascular bed depends on?

A
  • metabolic activity of the tissue
  • Greater rate of metabolism → greater exchange
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14
Q

Blood in pulmonary artery =

A

mixed venous blood

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15
Q

Factors affecting alveolar partial pressures

A
  • PO2 and PCO2 of inspired air
  • Minute alveolar ventilation
  • Rates at which respiring tissues use O2 and produce CO2 (most critical)
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16
Q

Hyperpnea

A

increased ventilation due to increased demand

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17
Q

Hypoventilation

A
  • ventilation does not meet demands
  • Arterial PO2 decreases
  • Arterial PCO2 increases
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18
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  • ventilation exceeds demands
  • Arterial PO2 increases
  • Arterial PCO2 decreases
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19
Q

Dyspnea

A

labored or difficult breathing

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20
Q

Apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

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21
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapid, shallow brathing

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22
Q

hypoxia

A

deficiency of O2 in tissues

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23
Q

hypoxemia

A

deficiency of O2 in the blood

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24
Q

Hypercapnia

A

excess of CO2 in the blood

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25
Q

hypocapnia

A

deficiency of CO2 in the blood

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26
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

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27
Q

Oxygen transport by

A

hemoglobin

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28
Q

O2 is ____ very soluble in plasma

A

not

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29
Q

Hb =

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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30
Q

Hb*O2 =

A

oxyhemoglobin

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31
Q

Hemoglobin can bind up to ___ oxygen molecules

A

four

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32
Q

Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin follows the ______

A

law of mass action

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33
Q

More oxygen →

A

more binds to hemoglobin

34
Q

100% saturation →

A

all four binding sites on hemoglobin have oxygen bound to them

35
Q

O2-carrying capacity of blood

A
  • 1 g hemoglobin carries 1.34 mL O2
  • Normal blood hemoglobin levels
    2–17 g/dL
  • O2-carrying capacity of hemoglobin in blood
    200 mL O2 per 1 L blood
36
Q

Arterial blood

A

Hemoglobin is 98.5% saturated

37
Q

Venous blood

A

Hemoglobin is 75% saturated

38
Q

Shift right in Hb*O2 dissociation

A

Less loading of O2 and more unloading

39
Q

Shift left in Hb*O2 dissociation

A

More loading of O2 and less unloading

40
Q

Effects of high temperature on Hb*O2 dissociation curve

A

Active tissues
Shift right
More O2 unloading in tissues
More O2 delivery to tissues

41
Q

Bohr effect

A

Lower pH increases O2 unloading

42
Q

Active tissues

A
  • Produce more acid; pH decreases in tissues
  • Decreased pH causes shift right in saturation curve
  • More O2 is unloaded to tissues
43
Q

Effects of CO2–carbamino effect

A
  • CO2 reacts with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
  • Hb + CO2 -> HbCO2
  • Increased oxygen unloading in active tissue
  • lower affinity for oxygen than Hb
44
Q

Increased metabolic activity →

A

increases CO2

45
Q

Effect of 2,3-DPG

A
  • Produced in red blood cells under conditions of low O2 such as anemia and high altitude
  • Synthesis inhibited by oxyhemoglobin
  • 2,3-DPG decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2, enhancing O2 unloading
46
Q

Effect of carbon monoxide

A
  • Hemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for O2
  • Prevents O2 from binding to hemoglobin
47
Q

CO2 is ___ soluble in plasma than O2, but still not very soluble

A

more

48
Q

CO2 can be converted to ______ by erythrocytes, then transported in plasma

A

bicarbonate

49
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

Enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

50
Q

Law of mass action

A

an increase in CO2 causes an increase in bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3

51
Q

Inspiration (nerves)

A

Phrenic nerve → diaphragm
External intercostal nerve → external intercostal muscles

52
Q

Expiration (nerves)

A

Internal intercostal nerve → internal intercostal muscles

53
Q

Brainstem respiratory centers

A

Inspiratory neurons
Expiratory neurons
Mixed neurons

54
Q

Inspiratory neurons

A

Depolarize during inspiration

55
Q

Expiratory neurons

A

Depolarize during expiration

56
Q

Mixed neurons

A

Have properties of both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

57
Q

Label figure 17.15

A
58
Q

what are the two respiratory control centers located on each side of the medulla

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

59
Q

Inspiratory neurons are hypothesized to control?

A

motor neurons to inspiratory muscles

60
Q

Expiratory neurons are hypothesized to control

A

motor neurons to expiratory muscles and/or inhibit inspiratory neurons

61
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A
  • Contains inspiratory, expiratory, and mixed neurons
  • May regulate transitions between inspiration 
and expiration
62
Q

Central pattern generator

A
  • Central pattern generator establishes respiratory cycle
  • Location and mechanism of action are unknown
63
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect levels of O2 and CO2
Two types

64
Q

two types of chemoreceptors

A
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid bodies
  • Central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata
65
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • Located in carotid bodies near carotid sinus
  • Direct contact with arterial blood
  • Communicate with afferent neurons via chemical messenger
  • Afferent neurons project to medullary respiratory control areas
  • Respond mainly to changes in blood pH
66
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • Located on the ventral surface of medulla
  • Respond to changes in pH of the CSF
  • Not directly responsive to CO2
  • Not responsive to changes in [O2]
67
Q

Ventilation (V) =
Perfusion (Q) =

A

rate of air flow
rate of blood flow
- Local ventilation and perfusion are regulated 
to match
- VA/Q

68
Q

If ventilation to certain alveoli decreases

A

Increased PCO2 and decreased PO2 in blood and air

69
Q

Increased PCO2 in bronchioles →

A

bronchodilation

70
Q

Decreased PO2 in P. arterioles →

A

vasoconstriction

71
Q

If perfusion to certain alveoli decreases

A

Increased PO2 and decreased PCO2 in blood and air

72
Q

Increased PO2 in P. arterioles →

A

vasodilation

73
Q

Decreased PCO2 in bronchioles →

A

bronchoconstriction

74
Q

Normal blood pH =

A

7.4 (range 7.3–7.42)

75
Q

___ and ___systems regulate blood pH

A

Respiratory ; renal

76
Q

Changes in pH alter?

A

protein activity

77
Q

Acidosis

A

blood pH < 7.35
CNS depression

78
Q

Alkalosis

A

blood pH > 7.45
CNS over-excitation

79
Q

Hemoglobin and bicarbonate function as a ?

A

buffer

80
Q

Respiratory system regulates ____ ; Kidneys regulate ____

A

CO2; HCO3-

81
Q

Respiratory acid-base disturbances

A
  • Respiratory acidosis
    (Caused by increased CO2)
  • Respiratory alkalosis
    (Caused by decreased CO2)

A&P II (8 decks)

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