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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Roles of NS

A

Sensing
Integrating
Responding

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2
Q

What does CNS consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does PNS consist of

A

Sensory and motor

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4
Q

Sensory (afferent)

A

Carries signals from the nerve endings to the CNS

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5
Q

Motor (efferent)

A

Division transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body

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6
Q

Four type of neuralgia in the CNS

A

Oligondendocytes
Ependymal xells
Microglia
Astrocytes

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7
Q

Olingodendeocytes

A

Form the myelin sheikh in the brain and spinal cord
(Oligo=few)

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8
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the spinal cord and cavities of the brain

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9
Q

Microglia

A

Perform phagocytosis of micro-organisms and cellular debris

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A

Nourish neurons in the brain tissue

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11
Q

Neuroglia in the PNS

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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12
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form the myelin sheath around nerves in the PNS

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13
Q

Satellite cells

A

Nourish the neurons

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14
Q

Classes of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

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15
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent)

A

Detect stimuli and transmit information to the CNS

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16
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways

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17
Q

Motor neurons (efferent)

A

Relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells

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18
Q

Neuron structure

A

Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
Synaptic knob

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19
Q

Soma

A

The cell body
Control center that contains the nucleus

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

Received signals from the other neurons and send the info to the stoma

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21
Q

Axon

A

Carry signals w away from the soma

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22
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Insulates the axon

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23
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath that assist with conduction of impulse

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24
Q

Synaptic knob

A

Neurotransmitter- containing vesicles at the end of the axon branches

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25
Q

Those of neurons

A

Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons

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26
Q

What role does the sodium potassium pump play in the nervous system ?

A

Is it part of the nerve transmission process

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27
Q

Impulse conduction

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. Depolarization
  3. Action potential
  4. Repolarization
  5. Refractory period
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28
Q

Resting potential

A

Outside the cell
Na+; inside = K+ and negative ions

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29
Q

Depolarization

A

Stimulus causes Ana+ to enter cell

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30
Q

Action potential

A

Stimulus goes above the threshold level
Channels open and more Na+ enters the cell

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31
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ flows out of the cell; electrical balance is restored
Na+ and K+ are now in the wrong side

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32
Q

Refractory period

A

Sodium potsssium pump works to return Na+ and K+ to correct side

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33
Q

Synapses

A

Electrical synapse
Chemical synapse

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34
Q

Electrical synapse

A

The neurons touch which allows an action potential to pass directly from one neuron to the next

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35
Q

Chemical synapse

A

The neurons do not touch so neurotransmitters are used to cross the synaptic cleft and carry the message from the pre synaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron

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36
Q

Parts of spinal cord

A

Cauda equina
Ascending tract
Descending tract

37
Q

Cuada equina

A

Bundle of nerve roots that protrude from the end of the spinal cord

38
Q

Ascending tract

A

Conveys sensory signals up the spinal cord

39
Q

Descending tract

A

Conveys impulses down the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles

40
Q

Gray matter vs white matter

A

Gray matter contains no myelin
White matter contains myelin

41
Q

What does gray matter contain

A

Contains motor neurons and Interneurons

42
Q

What does white matter contain

A

Contains bundles of axons that carry impulses away from one part of the nerve system to another

43
Q
A

Contains

44
Q

Epidural space

A

Area between the dura matter
Contains blood vessels, connective tissue and fat
Contains cerebrospinal fluid

45
Q

Meningeal layer

A

Pia matter (inner most layer, contains blood vessels)
Arachnoid matter (middle layer, thin)
Dura matter (outer layer, tough)

46
Q

How many cervical nerves

A

8

47
Q

How many thoracic nerves

A

12

48
Q

How many lumbar nerves

A

5

49
Q

How many sacral nerves

A

5

50
Q

How many cocygeal nerves

A

1

51
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

52
Q

4 major regions of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem

53
Q

What are gyri and sulci

A

Gyri; ridges of the brain
Sluci; grooves of the brain

54
Q

Diencephalon

A

Between the cerebrum and the midbrain

55
Q

Components of the brain stem

A

Mid brain
Pons
Medulla oblagonta

56
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Feel groove that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.

57
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bundle of nerves that connect the left and right hemisphere

58
Q

Where in the brain do you find gray matter

A

Surface of the brain (covering the cerebrum and cerebellum)
In patches (nuclei) in the white matter

59
Q

Where in the brain do you find white matter

A

Underneath the cerebral cortex

60
Q

Two layers of the dura matter

A

Periosteal layer (attached to inside the skull)
Meningeal layer (covers the brain)

61
Q

Diesel sinuses

A

Spaces in the dura matter than collects blood that has passed through the brain and needs to be returned to the heart

62
Q

Subdural space

A

Separates the dura matter from the arachnoid mater

63
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater

64
Q

Role of the midbrain

A

Contains tracts that relay sensory and motor impulses
Contains centres for auditory and visual reflexes
Contains clusters of neurons integral to muscle control

65
Q

Role of pons

A

Contains tracts that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain

66
Q

Major centres of the medulla oblagonta

A

Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Two respiratory centres

67
Q

Roles of cerebellum

A

Monitors the body movements
Sends messages for balance, coordination and posture
Stores the info needed for muscle groups ti work together in coordinated movement
Evaluates sensory input (touch, sound)

68
Q

Roles of thalamus in the Diencephalon

A

Processes sensory inputs and decides which ones to transmit to the cerebral cortex
Involved in memory and emotion

69
Q

Roles of hypothalamus in the Diencephalon

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system
Contains centres for hunger, thirst; and temperature regulation
Controls the pituitary gland
Play a role in many emotional responses (anger, fear, pleasure..)

70
Q

What does the front lobe control?

A

Voluntary movements
Memory
Emotion
Social judgment
Decision making
Reasoning
Aggression
Certain personality aspects

71
Q

What does the temporal lobe control?

A

Hearing
Smell
Learning
Memory
Emotional behaviour
Visual recognition

72
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

Relieving and interpreting bodily sensations (touch, temp, pressure, pain)
Awareness of one’s body and body parts in space and relation to eachother m

73
Q

What does occipital lobe control?

A

Vision
Visual information

74
Q

What does the insular lobe control

A

Perception
Motor control
Self awareness
Cognitive functioning

75
Q

Two key structures of limbic system

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala

76
Q

Hippocampus

A

Converts short term memory into long term memory

77
Q

Amygdala

A

Stores and recalls emotions from past events
Emotions, jealousy, anger

78
Q

Nerve I & function

A

Olfactory nerve
Sense of smell

79
Q

Nerve II & function

A

Optic nerve
Vision

80
Q

Nerve III & function

A

Oculomotor nerve
Pupil constriction and voluntary eye movements

81
Q

Nerve IV & function

A

Trochlear nerve
Eye movements

82
Q

Nerve V & functions

A

Trigeminal nerve
Touch, temp, pain on face
Also controls, chewing and detects lower jaw sensations

83
Q

Nerve VII & function

A

Facial nerve
Taste , facial expression, and secretion of tears and saliva

84
Q

Nerve VIII & function

A

Vestibulochochlear nerve
Hearing and balance

85
Q

Nerve IX & function

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Tounge movement, sensation
Also plays a role in blood pressure regulation

86
Q

Nerve X & function

A

Vagus nerve
Many heart, lung, digestion and urinary functions

87
Q

Nerve XI & function

A

Spinal accessory nerve
Movement of the head, neck and shoulders

88
Q

Nerve XII & function

A

Hypoglossal nerve
Tounge movement

Anatomy (9 decks)

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