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PHSL 231 > Cellular Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Cellular Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Action Potential (AP)

A

an electrical impulse that changes the permeability of a membrane

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2
Q

Transport proteins

A

(channels/carrier) facilitates ion movement across the plasma membrane

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3
Q

Chemical gradient (concentration gradient)

A

the energy provided by the difference in concentration across the plasma membrane

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4
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

the energy associated with moving charged molecules across a plasma membrane - when a membrane potential exist

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5
Q

Nerst potential value

A

this tells us what the membrane potential is if one ion is in control

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6
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

charge difference across the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Na+ / K+ ATPase

A

maintains the RMP by ensuring that K+ and Na+ does not reach equilibrium

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8
Q

Local potentials

A

changes in membrane potential of a cell neuron occurring at and nearby the part of the cell that is stimulated

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9
Q

axial resistance

A

How well a current can move through the cytoplasm

  • bigger axon diameter, less axial resistance
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10
Q

Depolarisation

A

The change from a negative resting potential to a positive resting potential which is caused by the opening of sodium channels

  • moves towards zero, more positive
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11
Q

Overshoot

A

anything that cause the membrane potential to pass across zero

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12
Q

repolarisation

A

the change from a positive resting potential back to a negative resting potential which is caused by the opening of potassium channels

  • move away zero, become mor negative
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13
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

An increase in the potential difference across a cell membrane, making it more negative than the resting membrane potential (>-70)

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14
Q

polarisation

A

when the outside of the cell is zero and the inside of the cell is -70 its polarised

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15
Q

threshold

A

Level of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse

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16
Q

absolute refractory period

A

time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate

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17
Q

relative refractory period

A

the period of time following an action potential, when it is possible, but difficult, for the neuron to fire a second action potential, due to the fact that the membrane is further from threshold potential (hyperpolarized)

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18
Q

afterhyperpolarisation (undershoot phase)

A

the hyperpolarizing phase of a neurons action potential where the cells membrane potential falls below the normal resting potential

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19
Q

regenerative

A

propagated without decreasing amplitude

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20
Q

How is RMP altered if threshold is not reach?

A

it occurs by changing the permeability of the membrane to a particular ion

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21
Q

conductance

A

the permeability and dricving force together

22
Q

Permeability

A

dictated by number of channels in the membrane and how many of them are open

23
Q

Activation gate

A

part of the voltage-gated Na+ channel that opens when the membrane voltage reaches threshold (value of depolarization)

24
Q

selectivity filter

A

the part of an ion channel structure that determines which ions it can transport

25
Q

inactivation gate

A

open at rest and closes relatively slowly after depolarization in a single step

26
Q

electrical signaling

A

action potential

27
Q

axon hillock

A

the only are where action potential is generated which is caused by the very high density of sodium voltage gated channels

28
Q

exocytosis

A

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

29
Q

full fusion

A

vesicle collapses fully into the plasma membrane, retrieved through a clathrin-coated process

30
Q

Kiss and run fusion

A

when a vesicle forms a fusion pore but does not fully fuse with the cell membrane

31
Q

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

A

a light depolarization of a postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential of that cell closer to the threshold for an action potential

32
Q

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

A

synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential

33
Q

temporal summation

A

summation between EPSPs from the same input that occur close enough together in time

34
Q

Spatial summation

A

summation between events that occurs close enough together in space from different inputs - still requires them to be close in time

35
Q

endplate potential

A

the postsynaptic potential that occurs in the motor endplate in response to release of acetylcholine by the terminal button

36
Q

long term potentiation

A

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

37
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical signals that initiate actions

38
Q

Glutamate

A

most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitters

  • glutamate release allows excitation of post synaptic membrane to occur
39
Q

GABA

A

most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter

  • GABA being release at the post synaptic cell will going to get inhibitory (IPSP)
40
Q

2 types of receptors

A

1) ionic receptors: ion channels opens which allows ion through

2) g protein

41
Q

acetyl cholinesterase

A

Acetyl cholinesterase turns acetylcholine into acetyl coA which is then reuptake into the vesicles and recycled

42
Q

synergy

A

an interaction between two different types of hormones which are combined together and this results in a greater effect than the sum of their separate effects

43
Q

hormone targeting

A

they bind with specific proteins receptors inside or in the surface of the cell and specifically change the cell’s activities

44
Q

upregulation

A

how likely it is to bind hormones to its receptors is dependent on the balance between the synthesis and degration

45
Q

downregulation

A

degrade more of receptors than we synthesized, decrease number of receptors will decrease the sensitivity

46
Q

intracellular receptors

A

these are lipid soluble so they can cross across the membrane, but as they not water soluble they can not float freely in a solution. These are receptors that detects hormones.

47
Q

steroid hormone complex

A

activates primary responses in genes

  • inhibits transition and induces synthesis of gene
48
Q

Primary responses

A

turns on or shut off other responses and generate a whole lot of secondary gene transcription

49
Q

Ligand gated ion channel

A

an integral membrane protein that contains a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane

50
Q

ryanodine receptors

A
  • a calcium channel
  • responsible for calcium release from the intracellular store during the excitation contraction coupling in both cardiac and skeletal muscle
51
Q

Kinase

A
  • an enzyme which adds phosphates to other molecules
  • anything that contains a kinase will be able to phosphorylate proteins and turn on channels
52
Q

confirmational change

A

changing the charge in the amino acid will change the structure of the protein

PHSL 231 (7 decks)

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