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Brain and Behavior Unit 2 > Unit 2-1 > Flashcards

Unit 2-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Modality: touch

A

Contact with body surface

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2
Q

Sensory Modality: pain

A

Tissue damage

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3
Q

Sensory Modality: hearing

A

Sound vibrations in air or water

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4
Q

Sensory Modality: vestibular

A

Head movement and orientation

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5
Q

Sensory Modality: joint

A

Position and Movement

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6
Q

Sensory Modality: muscle

A

Tension

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7
Q

Sensory Modality: vision

A

Photons, from light sources or reflected from surfaces

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8
Q

Sensory Modality: cold

A

Decrease in skin temperature

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9
Q

Sensory Modality: warmth

A

Increase in skin temperature

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10
Q

Sensory Modality: smell

A

Odorant chemicals in air

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11
Q

Sensory Modality: taste

A

Substances in contact with tongue or other taste receptors

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12
Q

Sensory Modality: vomeronasal

A

Pheromones in air or water

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13
Q

Sensory Modality: electroreception

A

Difference in density of electrical currents

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14
Q

Sensory Modality: magnetoreceptors

A

Magnetic fields for orientation

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15
Q

Sensing

A

physiological process of detecting stimuli

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16
Q

Perceiving

A

the brain processing the information and us becoming aware of it

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17
Q

What transduction pathways have in common

A

Mechanism of collecting info is generalized: receptors activate and generate electrical potentials

18
Q

How transduction pathways are different

A

Receptors that collect info and the pathways that transmit the info are different (depends on sensory modality)

19
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

Converting environmental stimuli to electrical signals our brain can understand

20
Q

Coding and processing

A

Sensory pathways limit and filter the info that actually makes it to the brain

21
Q

Intensity of stimulus encoded by

A

Frequency of action potentials

22
Q

How sense determine location

A

Receptive fields

23
Q

Pathway for relaying touch/ pain to the brain

A

Thalamus

24
Q

Pathway for relaying touch/ pain to the brain in order (6)

A
  1. External stimulus sensed be receptors in the skin
  2. Sensory neuron projects through dorsal root ganglion into the dorsal column system
  3. Enters the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the projection ascends to the medulla
  4. Makes a synapse, postsynaptic neuron projects contralaterally
  5. Medulla neuron projects to the thalamus
  6. Thalamus sends the info to the primary somatosensory cortex
25
Q

Different regions of the body project sensory info to

A

different parts of the spinal cord

26
Q

Association cortex

A

Integrates sensory information; made up of dispersed areas of cortex that process and integrate data from multiple senses

27
Q

Polymodal neurons

A

Process info from more than one sense

28
Q

Synesthesia

A

Sensory modalities overlap more than normal (music has a flavor)

29
Q

Three dimensions of pain

A
  1. Sensory discriminative dimension (throbbing, gnawing, shooting)
  2. Motivational affective/ emotional dimension (tiring, sickening, fearful)
  3. Cognitive-evaluation dimension (no pain, mild, excruciating)
30
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors (free nerve ending)

31
Q

What happens during injury (3)

A
  1. Damaged cells release substances to tell neighboring cells and blood vessels they have been injured (K+, serotonin, prostaglandins and leukotrienes- inflammation causing lipid molecules)
  2. Substances bind to nociceptors and generate AP
  3. Reach spinal cord —> sends to brain, sends messages back to periphery (Substance P)
32
Q

Substance P

A

Mediates further responses to pain (blood vessel constriction, histamine release)

33
Q

Nerves fibers that convey pain info from periphery to brain (2)

A
  1. A-delta: large, myelinated axons: fast (sharp and sudden)
  2. C fibers: small, unmyelinated: slow (duller and throbbing)
34
Q

Ascending CNS pain pathways (4)

A
  1. Pain brought from periphery to dorsal horn of spinal cord
  2. Axons cross midline and a send through spinal cord
  3. Info relayed to Brainstem and midbrain locations and mediate behaviors like focalization’s and withdrawal (periaqueductal gray, site of opioid receptors)
  4. Reaches thalamus and sent to two primary places (somatosensory cortex-S1, cingulate cortex-part of Limbic system, triggers emotion and empathy)
35
Q

Analgesia

A

Pain relief

36
Q

Placebo

A

Substance given to patient with expectation it will control pain but it is actually inactive

37
Q

Placebo effect

A

Substance helps anyways

38
Q

TRP channels

A

Specialized ion channels to detect temperature (bind to ligands)

39
Q

TRPV1

A

Main sensor for painful heat (acid, spicy as well)

40
Q

TRPM8

A

Primary channel for sensing cold (menthol/minty and other cool ligands-icilin)

41
Q

Sensing itch

A
  • Free nerve endings, sensitive to histamine
  • same pathway as pain, different fibers
  • slow C fibers
42
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of the position and movement of the body (knowing where you are in space and how you are moving through it)
Found in mechanosensory (movement sensitive)

Brain and Behavior Unit 2 (9 decks)

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