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Brain and Behavior Unit 2 > Unit 2-7 > Flashcards

Unit 2-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Critical physiological need that drives behavior, balanced internal environment that is optimized for cellular activities, affects motivation

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2
Q

Endotherms

A

Heat body from within by burning chemical energy (food) (humans)

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3
Q

Ectotherms

A

Rely on the environment to regulate body temperature (fish, reptiles, amphibians)

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4
Q

Pros of endotherm

A

Don’t have to rely on outside environment

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5
Q

Cons of endotherm (2)

A
  1. Too hot = proteins malfunction due to loss of shape
  2. Too cold = proteins malfunction , moves to slowly
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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

Deviation from a desired point or range triggers a compensation from the system that drives it the opposite way (body temp low during sleep to conserve energy, body temp high during fever to boost immune response)

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7
Q

Allostasis

A

Changing homeostatic needs (homeostatic needs are constantly influx, flexible and dynamic to adjust to current levels)

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8
Q

Allostatic overload

A

Chronic physiological stress, leads to poor mental and physical health

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9
Q

Obligatory losses

A

Body’s water is depleted through things I can’t be avoided; urination, breath, perspiration

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10
Q

Thirst

A

Adjust our behavior to take an appropriate amount of water so our cells can dilute saltwater inside and outside to survive; salt ions and water are balanced (evolutionary to oceanic origins)

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

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12
Q

Too little water in extra cellular fluid

A

Cells shrivel up

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13
Q

Too much water in extra cellular fluid

A

Cells swell or explode

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14
Q

Osmotic thirst

A
  • Excess salt (too much salt/water loss)
  • Osmosensory neurons, detect access, saltiness (Present in hypothalamus and ventricular system)
  • Project to cortex giving us perception of
  • Hypothalamus releases, antidiuretic hormone, tells kidneys to slow down urine production
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15
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A
  • Sudden, dramatic fluid loss (hemorrhage, vomit, diarrhea, intense sweating
  • baroreceptors in blood vessels detect loss of volume, signal brain to perceive thirst and salt craving
  • hormone angiotensin II constricts blood vessels—> increase blood pressure
  • aldosterone directs kidneys to preserve sodium
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16
Q

How do we know to stop drinking water (3)

A
  1. Vagus nerve - Monitors saltiness of fluids in the gut
  2. Mouth/ throat moisture sensations
  3. Osmoreceptors and baroreceptors
    - must all come to agreement
17
Q

Hunger

A

Drive to consume food

18
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals required for the appropriate functioning, growth, and maintenance of the body

19
Q

Nutrients needed (3)

A
  1. Amino acids (can’t be synthesized by the body and must be acquired from food)
  2. Vitamins and minerals
  3. Energy sources (sugars, fats)
20
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar

21
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose stored in liver and muscles (promotes by insulin)

22
Q

Glucagon

A

Coverts glycogen back to glucose if cells need it

23
Q

For longer term storage, glucose is

A

Stored in adipose tissues as lipids (fats)

24
Q

Basal metabolism

A

Energy goes to keeping us alive and warm and keeping our cells functioning (fights changes in weight)

25
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

Regulate energy usage and storage

26
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Induced by sights, smells, and taste of food

27
Q

Digestive phase

A

Brought on by food reaching the stomach and small intestine, mediated by taste receptors in the gut

28
Q

Absorptive phase, glucodetectors

A

In the liver and recognizes blood glucose levels and communicates with pancreas via vagus nerve to release more insulin

29
Q

Insulin malfunctions (2)

A

Type 1 Diabetes (onset, born with it)
Type 2 Diabetes (obtain it, lack of insulin response)

30
Q

Leptin

A

Released by adipose tissue, reporting to the brain the status of fat storage

31
Q

Ghrelin

A

Released by endocrine cells of the stomach, mediates feelings of hunger and encouraging feeding/foraging behavior

32
Q

PYY and GLP-1

A

Peptide hormones from the small intestine, mediate feelings of satiety

33
Q

Systems that regulate hunger

A
  1. Hypothalamus (acruate nucleus)
  2. POMC neurons (signal satiety, reduce appetite)
  3. NPY neurons (signal hunger, surprises POMC)
  4. Endocannabinoid (stimulate appetite)
  5. Micro biome (collection of microorganisms in the gut, plays a role in disease and obesity)
34
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Shunning food, eating little

35
Q

Bulimia

A

Vomiting/ taking laxatives to purge consumed foods (binge eating)

36
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

Gorge yourself with a lot of food (opiate and do pine thick pathways activated —> addiction)

Brain and Behavior Unit 2 (9 decks)

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