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ANTH 1220 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is economic anthro?

A

how people produce, exchange, consume material objects and the role that immaterial things play in efforts to secure livelihood

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2
Q

what are key distinctions of economics from economic anthro?

A
  • focuses primarily on market exchanges
  • decisions made and how they interact in the marketplace
  • assumes people know what they want and economic choices express wants which are defined by culture
  • normative theory (specifies how people should act if they want to make efficient economic decisions)
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3
Q

what are key distinctions of economic anthro from economics?

A
  • self-interested decision-making
  • social science (looks at what we do and why)
  • assumes agency to act on own desires and that we don’t know what we want
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4
Q

what are the 3 phases of economic activity?

A
  1. production
  2. exchange
  3. consumption
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5
Q

what is the definition of modes of production?

A

social relations through which human labour is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

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6
Q

what are the 3 modes of production?

A
  1. domestic
  2. tributary
  3. capitalist
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7
Q

who did modes of production originate with?

A

Eric Wolf

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8
Q

who was Eric Wolf influenced by and how?

A

Karl Marx believed human consciousness is determined by basic human activity

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9
Q

what is domestic production?

A

labour organized by kinship relations

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10
Q

domestic production characterizes the lives of who?

A

foragers and small-scale subsistence farmers

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11
Q

what are subsistence farmers?

A

people who raise plants and animals for own consumption

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12
Q

what kind of social structure does domestic production have?

A

egalitarian

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13
Q

despite being egalitarian, what kind of inequality exists in domestic production?

A

age and gender inequalities

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14
Q

what is a metate?

A

grinding stone

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15
Q

what are the 3 key elements of domestic production?

A
  1. collective ownership of primary means of production
  2. lower rates of social domination
  3. sharing
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16
Q

what is a means of production?

A

resources used to produce goods in a society

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17
Q

what is tributary production?

A

social systems divided into classes of rulers and subjects where subjects produce for themselves and their families but also give a proportion to rulers as tribute

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18
Q

how are rulers determined in tributary production?

A

descent and/or military and political service

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19
Q

what does tributary production characterize?

A

capitalist, state-level societies

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20
Q

what are the 4 key features of tributary production?

A
  1. dominant units of production are communities organized around kinship relations
  2. state’s society depends on local communities and tributes are used by ruling class rather than exchanged
  3. relationships between subjects and rulers are often conflictual
  4. politically-controlled production
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21
Q

what is capitalist production?

A

workers sell labour and are separated from means production because private property is owned by the capitalist test

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22
Q

when did capitalist production begin?

A

17th and 18th centuries

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23
Q

what is the most recent mode of production?

A

capitalist production

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24
Q

how often do we engage in diverse economic practices everyday?

A

everyday

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25
Q

why do capitalists keep wages low?

A

to sell products for more than it costs to produce them so that a surplus is generated for profit or reinvestment in production to generate more surplus

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26
Q

what is fair trade?

A

trading partnership based on seeking greater equity in trade

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27
Q

what is an informal economy?

A

economy not regulated by the state

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28
Q

what is a saulala?

A

secondhand clothing markets in Zambia

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29
Q

what is a saulala in Zambia example of?

A

an informal economy

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30
Q

in modes of exchange, what is the difference between economics and economic anthro?

A

economic anthro is able to explain reciprocity and redistribution whereas economics is able to understand markets

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31
Q

what are the modes of exchange?

A

reciprocity, redistribution, markets, money

32
Q

who provided the description of reciprocity?

A

Marcel Mauss

33
Q

what is reciprocity?

A

giving and reciprocating gifts creating relationships; gifts are about social relations

34
Q

where does reciprocity usually take place in?

A

small-scale societies, away from market

35
Q

what are the types of reciprocity?

A

generalized, balanced, and negative

36
Q

what is generalized reciprocity?

A

gifting without reckoning exact value of gift without expectation of getting something in return

37
Q

where does generalized reciprocity take place but isn’t limited to?

A

closest social relationships (households)

38
Q

what leads to conflict in generalized reciprocity?

A

keeping track of gift values

39
Q

what is balanced reciprocity?

A

gifting with expectation of something of equal value will be returned within a specific time period

40
Q

what are the 3 phases of balanced reciprocity?

A
  1. gift is given
  2. gift is received
  3. reciprocal gift returned
41
Q

what leads to conflict in balanced reciprocity?

A

no reciprocation of the gift

42
Q

where does balanced reciprocity usually occur?

A

distant relationships (but not strangers)

43
Q

what is negative reciprocity?

A

attempt to get something for nothing

44
Q

which is the most impersonal type of reciprocity?

A

negative reciprocity

45
Q

where does negative reciprocity usually occur?

A

among those who don’t know each other very well

46
Q

what is redistribution?

A

accumulation of goods/labour for purpose of dispersal at a later date

47
Q

where does redistribution occur?

A

in all societies, often coexisting with other modes of exchange

48
Q

what must occur for redistribution to become a central economic process?

A

centralized political apparatus to coordinate and enforce it

49
Q

what is a potlatch system an example of?

A

redistribution

50
Q

what are markets?

A

social institutions with prices/exchange equivalencies; can’t exist without institutions to govern exchanges

51
Q

what are markets regulated by?

A

supply and demand

52
Q

what are markets based on?

A

transactions

53
Q

what are transactions?

A

changes in status of a good/service between people

54
Q

what are atomized transactions?

A

impersonal transactions that are short-run and close-ended with few future implications

55
Q

what are personalized transactions?

A

transactions between those with relationships that endure past exchanges and may include social elements

56
Q

are markets impersonal or personal?

A

impersonal

57
Q

what do markets contrast?

A

reciprocity

58
Q

what is money?

A

general purpose money

59
Q

what is not a prerequisite for market exchanges but involved in most commercial transactions?

A

money

60
Q

what are 3 features of money?

A
  1. serves a medium of exchange
  2. wealth storage
  3. way to assign interchangeable values
61
Q

what are the Tiv Spheres of Exchange?

A
  1. subsistence systems
  2. slaves, cattle, white cloth, metal bars
  3. marriageable females
62
Q

which Tiv Spheres of Exchange is most prestigious?

A

marriageable females

63
Q

what is Ithaca HOURS an example of?

A

how money also measures purpose of our activities and challenges idea that money shapes economic relations through creating inequalities and obliterating qualitative differences

64
Q

what is consumption?

A

process of buying, eating, using a resource

65
Q

true or false: consumption is not a social process even when addressing physical needs

A

false– consumption is still a social process even when it addresses physical needs

66
Q

how do anthers approach consumption?

A

as forms of behaviour connecting economic activity with cultural symbols giving our lives meaning

67
Q

what does it mean to say objects have a social life?

A

objects become status symbols

68
Q

how can you counter-argue that buying Western commodities leads to being Westernized?

A

can lead to resurgence of local identities and affirmation of local processes over global patterns

69
Q

how do consumption of Western commodities manifest in local social networks?

A

they can be used to cement social and economic status

70
Q

what are commodities?

A

a good produced for sale/exchange for other goods

71
Q

what did intensification of global capitalism lead to?

A

vast majority of commodities we buy and food we consume coming from distant places

72
Q

what is political economy?

A

contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, cultural values

73
Q

what is structural violence?

A

social structure/institution harming people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs

74
Q

what kind of view does structural violence have?

A

individualistic, marginalization, blaming people for own injustice

75
Q

what is the most prevalent type labour?

A

unpaid work outside the household

76
Q

what is the central goal of economic anthro?

A

support equity

ANTH 1220 (11 decks)

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