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Anat and Phys - Carter > Chapter 9: Endocrine System and Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Endocrine System and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers; cues for body to do things

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2
Q

what two things stimulate a gland

A

hormonal and humoral

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3
Q

what is hormonal

A

activated by hormones; hormones interacting with hormones

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4
Q

what is humoral

A

changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release

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5
Q

what is the neural stimuli of the endocrine system

A

nerve impulses that stimulate hormone release

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6
Q

what are the neural stimuli controlled by

A

sympathetic nervous systems

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7
Q

what is the pituitary gland controlled by

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

what are the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland

A

posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

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9
Q

what makes up the posterior pituitary

A

nervous tissue

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10
Q

what makes up the anterior pituitary

A

glandular tissue

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11
Q

what are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones

A

2 non-endocrine targets (Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone) and 4 stimulate other glands (tropic hormones) (GH, PRL, ACTH, Godadotropic hormone)

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones

A

proteins, act through the secondary messenger system, reacted by stimuli (through negative feedback loop)

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13
Q

what is growth hormone responsible for

A

bones and muscles (causes amino acids to be built into proteins; fats broken down into energy)

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14
Q

what is the prolactin responsible for

A

mammary glands (milk production following childbirth

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15
Q

what is the follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone responsible for

A

testes or ovaries

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16
Q

what is the thyrotropic hormone responsible for

A

thyroid (influence the growth and activity of the thyroid)

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17
Q

what is the adrenocorticotropic hormone responsible for

A

adrenal cortex (regulates endocrine activity of the adrine cortex)

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18
Q

what are gonadotropic hormones

A

regulates activity of gonads

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19
Q

what is the follicle stimulating hormone

A

stimulates follicle development in the ovaries and stimulates sperm development in the testes

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20
Q

what is the luteinzing hormone

A

triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production in males

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21
Q

what are the 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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22
Q

what is the function of the oxytocin hormone

A

stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and causes milk ejection

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23
Q

what is the function of the antidiuretic hormone

A

urine production; vasoconstruction which leads to increase blood pressure (vasopressin)

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24
Q

what causes vasopressin

A

salts and stress

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25
Q

what are the two hormones that the thyroid gland produces

A

thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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26
Q

what is the thyroid hormone

A

major metabolic hormone

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27
Q

are the 2 iodine hormones produced by the thyroid hormone

A

Thyroxin and triodothyronine

28
Q

what is thyroxine (T4)

A

secreted by thyroid follicles

29
Q

what is the triodothyronine hormone (T3) and thyroxine (T4)’s function

A

controls the rate at which glucose is burned and converted to body heat and chemical energy ; important for normal tissue growth and development

30
Q

what is calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium level by depositing it in bones; antagonist to parathyroid hormone

31
Q

what is mineralocorticoids and what particularly does it control

A

regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance; concentration of sodium and potassium ions and target kidneys that selectively reabsorb the minerals or allow them to be flushed out in the urine

32
Q

what is mineralocorticoids stimulated by

A

renin and andosterone

33
Q

where is the thyroid gland found

A

base of the throat

34
Q

what joins the 2 lobes of the thyroid

A

central mass or isthmus

35
Q

what is calcitonin produced by

A

C cells (thyroid gland)

36
Q

antagonistic to

A

parathyroid

37
Q

what 2 things does the adrenal glands contain

A

cortex and medulla

38
Q

what is the medulla

A

inner nerval tissue region

39
Q

what is glucocorticoid made of

A

cortisone and cortisol

40
Q

what do the parathyroid glands secrete

A

parathyroid hormone

41
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do

A

stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone and release it into the blood, stimulate the kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium, raises calcium levels in the blood

42
Q

where is the adrenal gland

A

on top of the kidneys

43
Q

what is the purpose of glucocorticoids

A

resist long term stressors

44
Q

what are the 2 types of steroids that are produced by glucocortiocids

A

anabolic and catabolic

45
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

builds/bulks

46
Q

what are catabolic steroids

A

breaks things down

47
Q

what is an example of an anabolic

A

steroids

48
Q

what is an example of catabolic

A

stress

49
Q

what is a natural form of anabolic

A

testosterone

50
Q

what are the 2 sex hormones

A

androgen (male) and estrogen (female)

51
Q

where are sex hormones made

A

adrenal gland

52
Q

what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do

A

deal with short term stresses

53
Q

where is the pineal gland found

A

in the brain

54
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland

A

secrete melatonin

55
Q

what is the pancreas considered

A

a mixed gland

56
Q

what 2 hormones are produced by the pancrease

A

insulin and glucagon

57
Q

what are beta cells

A

allow glucose to cross plasma membrane (insulin)

58
Q

what are alpha cells

A

allows glucose to enter the blood (glucagon)

59
Q

what are insulin and glucagon

A

antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

60
Q

hat is the function of the thymus

A

produce thymosin

61
Q

what does thymosin do

A

matures white blood cells and develops the immune system

62
Q

what are the 2 hormones of the ovaries

A

estrogens and progesterone

63
Q

what are estrogens produced by

A

graafian follicles of ovaries or the placenta

64
Q

the function of estrogens

A

matures female reproductive organs

65
Q

what does estrogens prepare the uterus for

A

to receive a fertilized egg

66
Q

what is the function of the progesterone

A

acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle and helps in the implementation of an embryo in the uterus

Anat and Phys - Carter (15 decks)

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