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Anatomy & Physicology > Chpater 16 : Digestive System > Flashcards

Chpater 16 : Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

winding tube

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

the portion that includes the stomach and intestines or digestrive tract (9 meters long)

A

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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3
Q

main organs = alimentary canal
accessary organs = surround the tube
(things we can live without)

A
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4
Q

main organs
mouth
pharynx (throat)
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
(Duodenum, jejunum, lleum)
large intestine
cecum
colon
(ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon)
rectum
anal canal

A

accessary organs (things you can live without)
teeth and tongue
salivary glands
(parotid, submandible, sublingual)
tonsils
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
appendix

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5
Q

process of taking foods into the mouth

A

ingestion

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6
Q

process of complex nutrients into simpler ones material broken down into smaller nutrients
(mechanical and chemical in nature)

A

digestion

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7
Q

mechanical digestion = your teeth breaking down large chunks of food into smaller pieces
chemical digestion = enzymes break food apart

A
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8
Q

movement through the GI mucosa into the internal environment
(the small intestine absorbs nutrients into the body)

A

absorption

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9
Q

ridding the body of waste material (feces) from the rectum through the anus for defecation

A

elimination

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10
Q

release of digestive juices

A

secretion

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11
Q

coordination of digestrive activity

A

regulation

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12
Q

the inside of a hollow space within tube

A

lumen

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13
Q

the digestrive tract is a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
(made up if 4 layers of tissue)

A

inside to outside coat
1. Mucosa or mucous membrane (closer to outside)
2. Submucosa
3.Muscularis
4.Serosa (deep inside)

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14
Q

the mucosa of the eosphagus is composed of tough and abrasion - resistant stratified epithelium

A
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15
Q

lymph nodules = provide immune protection at the boundary of the digestive lumen and internal environment

A
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16
Q

submucosa = the connective tissue layer that contains many blood vessels and nerves

A
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17
Q

muscularis = muscle tissue that produces movement of the GI tract

A
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18
Q

peristalsis = rhythmic, wavelike contractions of the gut wall ( squeezes and pushes ingested material forward through the digestive tube’s internal pathway)

A

pushes material down the GI tract

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19
Q

segmentation = produces a back and forth or “swishing” type of internal movement

A

segmentation contractions mixes ingested material with digestive juices to help continue the mechanical break down of larger particles

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20
Q

serosa = the outermost covering of the digestive tube
( visceral peritoneum) folds away from the organs to form a parietal peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall

A
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21
Q

mesentery = double fold of peritoneal tissue
helps keep the abdominal organs in place

A
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22
Q

the mouth/ oral cavity = hollow chamber with a roof, floor and walls

the mouth is lined with mucous membrane

the roof of mouth is formed by a hard plate and a soft plate

the floor = tongue (made of skeletal muscle covered w/ mucous membrane) anchored to bones in the skull and the hyoid bone in neck

A

hard plate = bony structure, front portion of mouth formed by parts of palatine and maxillary bones

soft plate = consist of chiefy muscles

ulva = hang down from center of soft plate that prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities ( assist in speech and swallowing)

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23
Q

frenulum = attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A
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24
Q

4 major types of teeth
-incisor
-canine (cuspids)
-premolars (bicuspids)
-molar (tricuspids)

A

incisor = front teeth used to bite off food
canine = tear the food that is bitten into smaller shreds
premolras = chew through tough food
molars = wisdom teeth
mastication = chewing of food
deciduous = (primary)baby teeth

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25
Q

digestion is starting in the mouth by chewing (the mechanical) break down of food

A
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26
Q

enamel = over the crown

cementum = (over the neck and root) surrounds

dentin layer

detin = The calcified part of the tooth surrounding the pulp chamber, covered by enamel in the crown

pulp = nerves and blood vessels

A

crown= is the portion that is visible in the mouth

neck = narrow portion that joins the crown of the tooth to the root ( surrounded by gingiva= gum)

inflammatory of the gums = gingitis

root = fits into bony socket that surrounds th jaw bone

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27
Q

2 years old = 20 decidous teeth
17 to 24 = 32 permit teeth or 28 teeth is you dont wisdom teeth
lose your first teeth at 6 years old

A

malocclusion = when missing teeth create wide spaces in the alignment

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28
Q

peridontal membrane lines each tooth socket and anchors the tooth to the bone
periodonitis = infection

A
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29
Q

dental caries = tooth decay

A
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30
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands
-parotid gland
-submandibular gland
-sublingual gland

A

parotid = largest salivary gland and secretes bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
submandibular = opening into mouth on either side of thr lingual frenulum
sublingual = opens into the floor of mouth

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31
Q

the process of breaking down complex carbohydrates

A

amylase

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32
Q

a tubelike structure made of muscle and lined with mucous membrane
helps prevent infections of the respiratory and digestive tract

A

pharynx

33
Q

the 3 pharynx
- nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

A

the oropharynx is a major part in digestive process by swallowing movement
deglutition = swallowing
happens in the medulla and pons of brain

34
Q

dynamic passage way for bolus and saliva to push bolus toward stomach
the muscular, mucus lined that tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach (25 meters long)

A

eosphagus

35
Q

spincters are vavelike rings of muscle tissue that surround tubular structures/ body openings
- help to keep ingested material moving in one direction down the tube

A

the eosphagus has 2 spincters at the beginning of stomach and the end of stomach

36
Q

upper eosphagus spincter = helps prevent air from entering the tube during respiration

lower eosphagus spincter = (cardiac spincter) prevents back flow of acidic stomach contents

A
37
Q

stomach lies in the upper part of abdominal cavity and under the diaphragm
- it is a large expandable pouch that ingested material enters after it has been chewed

A
38
Q

3 parts of the stomach
- fundus : enlarged curving left to the opening of esophagus into stomach

  • body: central part of stomach

-pylous: lower narrow apex section that joins the first part of small intestine

A

stomach expands after a large meal

the stomach is the strongest internal organ

39
Q

enzyme of small food broken up

A

chyme

40
Q

3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach wall
-muscularis (top layer) has 3 parts
longitudinal, circular, oblique
-submucosa (middle layer)
- mucosa (inner layer)

A
41
Q

backward movement/ reflux of stomach contents into the lower portion of the esophagus (GERD)

A

hiatal hernia

42
Q

untreated gastroesophageal flex changes the lining of the esophagus (precancerous)

A

barret esophagus

43
Q

backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus

A

heart burn/ acid indigestion= (gastroesophageal reflex)

44
Q

gastric glands secrete = gastric juices into stomach

the stomach secretes intrinsic factor= that protects vitamin b12 for later absorption

A
45
Q

when stomach is empty the mucous lining kies in the folds

A

rugae

46
Q

main function is digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

47
Q

small intestine
-20 ft long
-smaller than large intestine
-chyme passes through duodenum,jejunum,illeum
-chemical digestion occurs in the duodenum

A
  • the middle third of the duodenum contains the openings of ducts that empty pancreatic digestive juices and bile from the liver into the small intestine
    the two openings are the minor duodenal papilla
    and major dudenal papilla
  • gallstone blocks ducts that drain through the major dudenal papilla
48
Q

the mucous lining of the stomach contain microscopic glands (intestinal gland) that secrete intestinal juice rich in enzymes, water and ions

pancreas secretes bicarbonated into the lumen (hollow interior) = neautralize the stomach acid

A

structure features that line the stomach
plicae = multiple cicular folds

plicae is covered with thousands of “tiny fingers” called Villi

each villi is covered epithelial cells, which have a brush like border of Microvilli

inside the villi are blood capillaries (lacteal) that absorbs carbs and proteins

49
Q

Liver
-largest gland in the body
-fills the upper right section of the abdominal cavity and extends to left side
-has metabolic functions
-is an exocrine gland b/c it secretes bile into ducts
-the liver removes yellowish bile pigments formed by the break down of hemoglobin from RBC’s and put them into the body for elimination

A

Liver
hepatic ducts: drain bile out of liver
common bile duct: drains bile into small intestine (duodenum)
cystic duct: joins w/ the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
-gallbladder : concentrates stored bile by reabsorbing water from bile back into the blood (bile reservior)

50
Q

lipids must be emulsified into smaller particles to increase surface area and aid in digestion

A

bile contains cholesterol and salts that act as detergents to break up lipids
-bile that is eliminated in feces serves as a mechanism for excreting cholsterol from the body

51
Q

structure fits function
1. absorption of nutrients from intestine
2.into blood
3.into the lymph

A
52
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK) : a hormone acting to regulate GI mobility

A
53
Q

bile pigments gives feces its characterictics color (gray- white)

A
54
Q

jaundice : yellowish skin discoloration
(increased bile pigments in the blood)
-obstruction of common hepatic duct also leads to jaundice

A
55
Q

gallstones: solid clumps of material (cholesterol) that form in gallbladder

cholecystectomy= surgical removal of gallstone

A
56
Q

Pancreas
-lies behind stomach
-both an exocrine gland and endocrine gland
-secrets juices into ducts ( exocrine)
-secrete hormones into blood (endocrine)
- pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon
-common bile duct and pancreatic dutcs open at the major dudenal papilla
- pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest digest energy from carbs,proteins and lipids
(contains sodium bicarbonate

A
57
Q

large intestine
-5 ft long
-diameter is larger than small intestine
-forms the lower terminal of the digestive tract
ileocecal vavle: the spincterlike structure between the end of the small intestine and beginning of large inetestine (opens into cecum)
(cecum= pouch like area)
-material in cecum flows upward to the colon

A

chyme passes through the large intestine
1.cecum
2.ascending colon (right side)
3.transverse colon (extends across abdomin left to right)
4.descending colon (turns downward on the left side of colon)
5.sigmoid colon: s - shaped
6.rectum
7.anal canal (anus)
hepatic (right colic) = the bend between ascending colon and transverse colon
splenic ( left colic) = top left part portion (descending)

58
Q

microbiome (flora) = material that escaped digestion in the small intestine

A
59
Q

flatus = gass

A
60
Q

vitamins absorbed by large intestine enter the blood

A
61
Q

salts absorbed by active transport

water is moved into blood by osmosis

A
62
Q

speed and absorption of the large intestine is slower than small intestine

A
63
Q

large intestine
bacteria= immune function= protects from intestinal disease
responsible for
-synthesis of vitamin K
-production of B complex vitamins

A
64
Q

colostomy = surgical removal of tumor/ colon

A
65
Q

large intestine has no villi

A
66
Q

retention of feces= constipation
stools fluidy= diarrhea

A
67
Q

inner anal spincter = involuntary muscle
outer anal spincter = voluntary muscle

A
68
Q

defecation = elimination of feces

A
69
Q

appendix = worm like tubular structure
(directly attached to the cecum
appendicitis = inflammation of appendix

A
70
Q

peritoneum = large, moist, slippery sheet of membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

visceral layer = forms the outer layer covering of each abdominal organ

peritoneal space= small space between the parietal and visceral layer (keeps both layers moist and able to slide against each other during breathing, digestion and bending)

retroperitoneal = outside of paretal peritoneum
(kidneys)

A

2 prominant extensions of the peritoneum
-mesentary: the extension between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum (encloses the smaller intestine)

  • greater omentum= pouchlike extension of the visceral peritoneum from the lower edge of stomach, duodeum and transverse colon (lace apron)
71
Q

digestion = complex process that occurs in the alimentary canal, chemical and physical changes prepare nutrients for absorption

A
72
Q

mechanical digestion
mastication = chewing
deglutition= swallowing
peristalsis
segmentation
defecation

A

chemical digestion
saliva
gastric juice
pancreatic juice
intestinal juice

73
Q

enzymes = protein molecules that act as catalysts (speed up the breakdown of lipids)= hydrolysis
hydrolysis speed up enzymes and add water to chemically break up or split large molecules

A

lipase = lipid digesting enzyme that acts w/ fats and oils
protease = enzymes serve to break down protein nutrients into smaller molecules

74
Q

absorption= the process by which molecules of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol go from lumen of the intestines to the circulating fluids of the body

A
75
Q

carbohydrate disgestion
- the end product of carbohydrate digestion is glucose
polysaccharides
disaccharides
monosaccharides
active transport to intestinal mucosa
diffusion to blood capillaries

A

order of digestion
1.polysaccharides= starches
2.disaccharides= double sugars
3.monosaccharides = simple sugars (maltase, sucrose, lactose) = end of digestion
maltose= malt sugar
sucrose = cane/ table sugar
lactose = milk sugar

76
Q

protein digestion
- starts in stomach
hydrochloric acid = in gastric jucies helps unfold large complex protein shapes so digestive enzymes can reach peptide bonds that hold amino acids together

the end product of protein digestion= is when protease enzymes split up large protein molecule into seperate amino acids

A

protein
*amino acids * end of digestion
active transport to intestinal mucosa
diffusion to blood cappilaries

77
Q

lipid digestion
- undigested but emulsifying turns them into tiny droplets by bile in duodenum
lipase = splits them into their components

the end product of lipid digestion = lipid molecules are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

A

fats
fat droplets
digestion
fatty acids and glycerol end digetion
diffusion to absorption cells
secretion

78
Q

mineral ions (sodium)
active transport
through intestinal mucosa

A

Anatomy & Physicology (15 decks)

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