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Biology > Body Fluids And Circulation > Flashcards

Body Fluids And Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Blood flows strictly through

A

Blood vessels.

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2
Q

Blood vessels in our body are

A

Arteries and veins.

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3
Q

Layers present in the blood vessels.

A
  1. Tunica intima - innermost
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa - outermost
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4
Q

Tunica Indica constitutes of

A

Squamous endothelium.

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5
Q

tunica media constitutes____?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibres

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6
Q

Tunica externa is made up of

A

Fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibre.

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7
Q

Which layer of the blood vessels is comparatively thinner in veins ?

A

Tunica media.

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8
Q

Blood pumped by right ventricle enters ____?

A

Pulmonary artery.

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9
Q

Blood pumped by the left ventricle pumps blood into

A

Aorta.

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10
Q

The human circulatory system is also called

A

The blood vascular system.

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11
Q

The human circulatory system consists of ?

A
  1. Muscular chambered heart
  2. A network blood vessels
  3. Blood
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12
Q

Location of heart

A

Situated in the thoracic cavity, between the 2 lungs, slightly tilted to left.

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13
Q

Heart is protected by

A

Double walled membranous bag called pericardium.

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14
Q

The pericardium encloses ___?

A

Pericardial fluid.

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15
Q

Heart has 4 chambers. Name them.

A

Upper two - atria ( small)
Lower two - ventricle ( larger)

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16
Q

What separates the left and right atria ?

A

Inter atrial septum ( thin)

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17
Q

What separates the left and right ventricles ?

A

Inter ventricular septum ( thick )

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18
Q

The atrium and ventricle of the same side are separated by

A

Atrio ventricular septum.

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19
Q

The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by

A

Tricuspid valve

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20
Q

The opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle is guarded by ?

A

Bicuspid or mitral valve.

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21
Q

The openings of right and left ventricles are provided with ?

A

Semilunar valves

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22
Q

Function of valves in the heart ?

A

Blood flow in one direction.

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23
Q

Direction of blood flow in the heart .

A

From atria to ventricles
From ventricles to artery or aorta.

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24
Q

The heart is entirely made of

A

Cardiac muscles

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25
Q

A specialised cardiac musculature is distributed in the heart which is called?

A

Nodal tissue.

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26
Q

Most of the nodal tissue is present in ?

A

Right atrium

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27
Q

The nodal tissue present in the right upper corner of atrium is ?

A

Sino atrial node (SAN)

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28
Q

Atrio ventricular node AVN is found in ?

A

Lower left corner of right atrium, close to atrio ventricular septum.

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29
Q

Path of the nodal fibres.

A
  1. AV bundles continue from AVN
  2. Passes through AV septa
  3. Emerges on top of IV septum
  4. divides into left and right
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30
Q

The branches of Av bundles give rise to minute fibres called ?

A

Purkinje fibres.

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31
Q

The nodal musculature is auto excitable. Explain.

A

It has the ability to generate action potential without external stimuli.

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32
Q

Maximum no. Of action potentials that can be generated by the SAN

A

70 to 75 per minute.

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33
Q

The SAN is called the pacemaker. Why ?

A

It is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythm contractile activity of the heart.

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34
Q

When the heart is in a relaxed state , the four chambers are in

A

Joint diastole.

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35
Q

Blood that flows into the left ventricle is from ?

A

The pulmonary veins

(Veins not artery idiot)

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36
Q

The blood that flows in the right ventricle is from

A

Vena cava

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37
Q

Which valves are open and closed When blood flows into the ventricles

A

Open - tricuspid amd biscupid
Closed - semilunar valves

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38
Q

After the blood flows into the ventricles through the atrium, what action takes place ?

A

Atrial systole.

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39
Q

Atrial systole is generated by

A

Action potential of SAN

40
Q

What happens during the atrial systole ?

A

Increase blood flow into ventricles by 30 percent.

41
Q

What causes the ventricular systole

A

When action potensial is conducted to the ventricular side by AVN.

42
Q

When does diastole occur

A

When ventricular muscles contract and atria undergoes relaxation.

43
Q

What happens during ventricular systole ?

A

1.Increase in ventricular pressure
2.Closure of tricuspid, biscupid valve
3. Semilunar valves are forced open

44
Q

Which valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria ?

A

Tricuspid and biscupid valves

45
Q

Which valves prevents backflow of blood into ventricles

A

Semilunar valves.

46
Q

What allows the blood into ventricles to flow through the blood vessels into circulatory pathways

A

Opening of semilunar valves.

47
Q

What happens after blood flows into the vessels from the ventricles ?

A

Ventricular pressure falls causing closure of semilunar valves and opening of tricuspid, bicuspid valves.

48
Q

The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are pushed open due to

A
  1. Decreasing ventricular pressure
  2. Increasing pressure in atria by blood flow from veins
49
Q

Meaning of systole and diastole

A

Systole - contraction
Diastole- relaxation

50
Q

Heart beats per minute

A

72 beats

51
Q

Duration of 1 cardiac cycle

A

0.8 seconds

52
Q

During one cardiac cycle, how much blood is pumped by each ventricle

A

70 mL of blood. ( stroke volume )

(EACH ventricle )

53
Q

How is the cardiac output calculated?

A

Stroke volume × heart rate

54
Q

What is heart rate ?

A

No. Of heart beats per minute

55
Q

What is cardiac output ?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute.

56
Q

Average cardiac output in a healthy individual is ?

A

5000mL / 5 L

57
Q

The first heart sound is associated with ?

A

Lub - closure of tricuspid and biscupid valves.

58
Q

The second hear sound is associated with ?

A

Dub - closure of semilunar valves.

59
Q

ECG stands for

A

Electrocardiogram

60
Q

What is an electrocardiogram ?

A

Graphical representation of electrical activity of heart.

61
Q

How is a standard ECG obtained ?

A

Patient is connect to electrocardiograph with 3 electrical leads, 1 on each wrist and 1 on left ankle.

62
Q

The P wave in ECG represents ?

A

Electrical excitation of atria.
( depolarization)

63
Q

Depolarization of atria leads to ?

A

Contraction of both the atria

64
Q

What does the QRS complex in the ECG represent ?

A

Depolarization of the ventricles

65
Q

Depolarization of ventricles leads to ?

A

Initiation of ventricular contraction.

(Only initiation, not fully in process )

66
Q

Which mark in the ECG represents ventricular systole

A

Shortly after Q - point.

67
Q

The T wave represents?

A

Repolarisation

68
Q

What is repolarisation ?

A

Return of ventricles from excited to normal state.

69
Q

What in the ECG marks the end of systole ?

A

End of T wave.

70
Q

How is a heart beat rate determined by an ECG

A

By counting no. of QRS complexes .

71
Q

Oxygenated blood is carried by ?

A

Pulmonary veins into left atrium

72
Q

Deoxygenated blood is carried by

A

Right ventricle into pulmonary artery.

73
Q

From where is the oxygenated blood is carried ?

A

Lungs.

74
Q

oxygenated blood goes into left atrium by which circulation ?

A

Pulmonary circulation.

75
Q

Deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins, vena cava and emptied into right atrium by which circulation ?

A

Systemic circulation.

76
Q

Which circulation provides nutrients, oxygen and essential substances to tissues ?

A

Systemic circulation.

77
Q

Which circulation takes carbondioxide and other harmful substances for elimination?

A

Systemic circulation.

78
Q

The vascular connection between digestive tract and liver is called ?

A

Hepatic portal system.

79
Q

How does the hepatic portal vein carry blood ?

A

From intestine to liver, then delivered to systemic circulation.

80
Q

Why is heart called myogenic ?

A

Normal activities of heart are auto regulated by nodal tissues and specialised muscles.

81
Q

The neural centre that moderates cardiac function is present in ?

A

Medulla oblangata

82
Q

What can increase the rate of heartbeat, contraction and cardiac output ?

A

Neural signals through sympathetic nerves.

83
Q

What decreases rate of heartbeat, speed of action potential conduction?

A

Parasympathetic neural signals.

84
Q

Neural signals that moderate cardiac function is carried through ?

A

Autonomous Nervous System ( ANS)

85
Q

What hormones increase cardiac output?

A

Adrenal medullary hormones.

86
Q

What is hypertension ?

A

High blood pressure. (140/90)

87
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120 over 80

88
Q

What does 120 over 80 measure of blood pressure represent ?

A

120 is pumping pressure ( systolic )
80 is resting pressure ( diastolic )

89
Q

Which organs are affected by high blood pressure ?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Brain
  3. Kidney
90
Q
  1. CAD stands for ?
  2. And is referred to as ?
A

1.CAD - Coronary Artery Disease
2. Atherosclerosis

91
Q

CAD affects which part of the body ?

A

Vessels that supply blood to heart.

92
Q

CAD is caused by ?

A

Deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissue which makes lumen of arteries narrow.

93
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

A symptom of acute chest pain appears when no enough oxygen reaches the heart.

94
Q

What is heart failure ?

A

When heart is not pumping effectively.

95
Q

What is cardiac arrest ?

A

When heart stops beating.

96
Q

What is heart attack ?

A

When heart is suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply.

Biology (8 decks)

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