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Geography > Coastal Landforms And Change > Flashcards

Coastal Landforms And Change Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bedding plane

A

Natural breaks in strata caused by gaps in Time during periods of rock formation

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2
Q

What are joints

A

Fractured caused either by contraction of sediment drying out

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3
Q

What are folds

A

Formed by pressure which is applied to a rock

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4
Q

What is a dip

A

Refers to angle at which strata lie vertically dipping into the sea

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5
Q

What is litholigy

A

The physical characteristics of particular rocks

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6
Q

Characteristics of igneous rocks

A

Impermeable
Extremely resistant

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7
Q

Characteristics of sedimentary rocks

A

Permeable
Not very resistant

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8
Q

Characteristics of metamorphic rocks

A

Very hard impermeable and resistant

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9
Q

What is a disconcordant coast

A

The geology alternates between bands of more resistant and less resistant rock which run at right angles to the coast

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10
Q

Headland and bay formation

A

Headland more resistant

Bays less resistant so eroded quicker

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11
Q

What is strata

A

Layers of rock

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12
Q

Characteristics of constructive waves

A

Low surging waves with long wavelength

Strong awash

weak backwash

Beach gain

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13
Q

Characteristics of destructive waves

A

High plunging waves with a short wavelength

Weak swash

Strong backwash

Beach loss

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14
Q

Hydraulic action is?

A

Water and air enters cracks in rocks which expands this continuously weakens joints and therefore bits of rock break off

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15
Q

What is abrasion

A

When waves advance they pick up pebbles from seabed then they break at the base of the cliff chipping away at the rock causes erosion

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16
Q

What is attrition

A

Gradual wearing down of a rock rocks collide causing them to get smaller and rounder in size

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17
Q

What is the littoral zone

A

boundary between land and sea

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18
Q

what are dalmatian coasts

A

concordant coastline formed due to a rise in sea level.soft rocks eroded leaving resistant rocks behind. eg croatia

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19
Q

what is the difference between a concordant and dis-concordant coastline

A

concordant runs parallel with coast

dis-concordant runs at a right angle to the coast

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20
Q

why does coastal vegetation play a important role in rates of coastal erosion

A

acts as physical barrier
stabalises sediment-prevents being blown away.

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21
Q

what is halophyte

A

plant that can tolerate salt water

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22
Q

what is a xerophyte

A

plant that can tolerate dry conditions

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23
Q

what are spits

A

long narrow features that extend from land into the sea made by longshore drift

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24
Q

what is a sub ariel process

A

process which are land based which alter shape of coastline

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25
Q

what is weathering

A

gradual breakdown of rocks at or close to the ground surface

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26
Q

what is mechanical freezing

A

freeze thaw weathering
water enters crack or joint in the rock when it rains.it then freezes in cold weather.water expands by 10 percent so excess pressure causes cracks in the rock meaning a fragment of the rock will fall off

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27
Q

what is salt weathering

A

salt water evaporates it leaves crystals behind which grow over time and put pressure on the rock

28
Q

what is wetting and drying

A

frequent cycle of wetting and drying.expands while wet contracts while dry causes rocks to crack

29
Q

what is biological weathering

A

thin plant roots grow into small cracks so crack size increases as plant size does.

birds make nests in rocks

marine organisms burrow into cliffs

30
Q

what is chemical weathering

A

carbonated rain water absorbs carbon dioxide from air reacts with calcium carbonate in rocks such as limestone which forms calcium carbonate which eroded the rock

31
Q

what is eustatic rise and eusostatic fall

A

rise and fall in sea levels

32
Q

what is isostatic rise and isostatic fall

A

rise and fall in land levels

33
Q

what is marine regression

A

sea level drops creating a emergent coastline

34
Q

what is marine transgression

A

coastline flooded and produce a submergent coastline

35
Q

what is the difference between adaptation and mitigation

A

adaptation make change to lesson impact of flooding-accepting its going to happen

mitigation=making efforts to reduce emmisions of green house gases which will in turn reduce impact of climate change and reduce sea level rise and fall-prevent coastal flooding

36
Q

3 types of hard engineering strategies

A

sea wall
groynes
riprap

37
Q

3 types of soft engineering strategies

A

beach nourishment
dune stabilisation
beach re profiling

38
Q

what are some factors which make Holderness vulnerable to coastal erosion

A

geology and lithology-soft rock-boulder clay easily transported.

fetch-destructive waves-high energy removes sediment which would be a physical barrier

longshore drift transports sediment which would act as a physical barrier

human factors-budget cuts for government cant manage coastline

39
Q

bangladesh vunerable factors

A

high population density
low lying
located on a flood plain
heavy rainfall
located in a typhoon belt
gdp low
removal of vegetation

40
Q

what is a ICZM

A

integrated coastal zone management

41
Q

what is strategic realignment

A

allowing coastline to reduce involving breaching flood plains in order to protect low quality farmland from flooding.

42
Q

explain the differences in the characteristics of beaches over time eg between summer and winter

A

wave type can effect beach morphology and beach sediment profiles

Transportation and deposition processes produce distinctive coastal land forms such as beaches.

winter large destructive waves summer weak constructive waves

43
Q

explain the importance of coastal vegetation in stabilising coastal landscapes

A
  • Coastal plain landscapes include both sandy as well as estuarine
    coasts.
  • Vegetation is important in stabilising sandy coastlines through dune
    successional development on sandy coastlines and salt marsh
    successional development in estuarine areas.
  • In estuarine areas salt tolerant plants known as halophytes stabilise
    the estuarine area.

humans planting marram grass which stabalises sediment

44
Q

Evaluate the view that coastal management policies are mainly based on
economic judgements.

A
  • Hard engineering approaches (groynes, sea walls, rip rap, revetments,
    offshore breakwaters) are economically costly and directly alter
    physical processes and systems.
  • Soft engineering approaches (beach nourishment, cliff re-grading and
    drainage, dune stabilisation) attempt to work with physical systems
    and processes to protect coasts and manage changes in sea level.
    Integrated Coastal Zone Management strategies.
  • Policy decisions (No Active Intervention, Strategic Realignment, Hold
    The Line and Advance The Line) are based on complex judgements
    (engineering feasibility, geogolgy, environmental sensitivity, land
    value, political and social reasons).
45
Q

Explain the role of sediment transport in the development of this coastal landscape.

A

Transportation and deposition processes produce distinctive coastal
landforms such as beaches spits bars and beaches

presence of vegataion would influence how much sediment is transported

wind direction,wave energy and wave angle effect how much sediment is transported by longshore drift

46
Q

why is the littoral zone important

A

Many of the animals in lakes and rivers are dependent upon the wetlands of littoral zones, since the rooted plants provide habitat and food.

47
Q

how is a headland created

A

The bands of soft rock, such as sand and clay, erode more quickly than those of more resistant rock, such as chalk. This leaves a section of land jutting out into the sea called a headland. The areas where the soft rock has eroded away, next to the headland, are called bays

48
Q

a) Explain how changes in sea level have produced different coastlines.

A

Longer-term sea level changes result from eustatic factors such as ice
formation/melting as well as thermal changes
* Longer-term sea level changes result also result from isostatic (post
glacial adjustment, subsidence, accretion) and tectonics.
* Sea level change has produced emergent coastlines with raised
beaches fossil cliffs.
* Sea level change has produced submergent coastlines with rias, fjords
and Dalmatian coastlines.

49
Q

what is a difference between a low and high energy coastline

A

low energy-less powerful waves
rate of deposition is higher
landforms such as spits beaches and coastal plains

high energy coastline-very rocky due to all soft rock being eroded
rate of erosion is higher
erosional landforms such as headlands and bays and wave cut platforms

50
Q

what is a bedding plane

A

The bedding planes are the horizontal layers formed as the rocks were compressed under deposits formed above

51
Q

what is traction

A

large rocks drag along sea floor taking other smaller sediment with them

52
Q

what is saltation

A

smaller rocks bounce along sea bed

53
Q

what is suspension

A

fine sediment carried along in water

54
Q

what is solution

A

rocks dissolve in water b

55
Q

2 emergent landforms

A

raised beaches
fossil cliffs

56
Q

3 submergent landforms

A

rias
fjords
dalmation coasts

57
Q

how do raised beaches form

A

sea level drops creating a emergent coastline making the beach raised

58
Q

what are fossil cliffs

A

‘fossil’ cliffs – where raised beaches now separate old cliffs from the sea, sometimes by large distances

59
Q

what are the local players in Holderness who influence rates of coastal management

A

local government-budget caps 2010 cant afford to coastal manage

stakeholders in economy-tourist industry want it to be managed
residents want protection for their houses
insurance companies don’t give insurance

environmental-largest spit in uk located down the coast and needs constant sediment supply which could be disrupted if Holderness is managed

60
Q

how is a salt marsh formed

A

They’re created when mud and silt are deposited along a sheltered part of the coastline.

61
Q

3 sub Ariel processes

A

chemical weathering mechanic weathering(freeze thaw)
biological weathering.

62
Q

View that coastal recession are largely controlled by geological factors

A

Geological
Rock type-holderness
Wave type-holderness vs north wales
Human intervention-Hastings bexhill
Global warming-increase weathering

63
Q

Landforms created by coastal erosion

A

Headland and bays
Cliffs
Stacks and stumps
Shoreline platforms

64
Q

Coastal depositions landforms

A

Spits and salt marshes
Tombolos
Offshore bars

65
Q

How do tomblos form

A

Deposition rates are low due to ever losing energy

66
Q

Erosion at hokderness

A

Geology
Fetch
Long shore drift

67
Q

What are the options for coastal action

A

Hold the lines
Advance the line
Managed retreat
No active intervention

Geography (9 decks)

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