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Geography > Carbon And Water > Flashcards

Carbon And Water Flashcards

1
Q

Factors affecting river regimes

A

Drainage basin area
Maximum altitude
Variations in altitude
Geology
Mean annual precipitation
Mean discharge
Main land use

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2
Q

3 reasons why river regimes are likely to vary between drainage basins

A

Geographical location-more rainfall in certain areas

Climate-hotter areas more evaporation

Urbanisation-amount of runoff

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3
Q

What is lag time

A

The difference between the peak rainfall and peak discharge

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4
Q

Rising and falling limb

A

Flow discharge increasing and decreasing

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5
Q

Meteological drought

A

Long term precipitation is lower than normal

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6
Q

Agricultural drought

A

Not enough soil moisture

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7
Q

Hydrological droughts

A

River lakes and resovoirs empty

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8
Q

Social economic drought

A

Increase water Stress

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9
Q

How do human activities increase the risk of drought

A

Over abstraction of ground water-not enough water for every day needs

Construction of dams and resovoirs disrupt water flow

Removal of vegetation less evapotranspiration

Soil becoming compact more runoff

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10
Q

Impacts of droughts on ecosystems

A

Habitats damaged or lost due to no water

Dry areas=increase risk of wildfires

New Mexico 90 percent of species died

Favours certain species more so they outcompete the others

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11
Q

What is the big dry

A

40% of river Murray have low flow

El Niño
Rainfall variable

High relief in east forms frontal rainfall so central areas

Increased population in east costs means more pressure on water supply

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12
Q

Socio economic impacts of flooding

A

People can’t swim and they get killed by snakes in flood water

Diseases spread particularly water diseases such as cholera

Disrupt tourism

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13
Q

What is water security

A

The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable water quality

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14
Q

What is water stress

A

Renewable water resources between 1000-1700m3

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15
Q

Causes of water conflicts

A

Sharing water basin such as china vs Myanmar

Sharing rivers

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16
Q

What is el nino

A

Sinking air causes dry conditions and drought in Australia

And hotter water in South America causing more rainfall

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17
Q

What is La Niña

A

Trade winds cause warm water to travel to Australia which means more rainfall

And droughts in South America

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18
Q

How can the hydrological cycle cause flooding

A

Snowmelt

Monsoons

Increase or decrease temp

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19
Q

Characteristics of 2007 flooding uk

A

River Severn burst banks

Homes flooded

Power supply damaged and disrupted

Flash flooding

Fears that dams burst

Water supply disrupted

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20
Q

Example of water conflicts

A

Palestine Isreal water sources and technology

China Myanmar Cambodia Thailand and Vietnam all share the same drainage basin

21
Q

Singapore case study

A

5.4 million high damand

22
Q

reasons for a varying distribution in water scarcity

A

population
location
conflict
economic situation

23
Q

what is enso

A

large mass of warm water in the pacific ocean which is unpredictable and can cause droughts and flooding

24
Q

how can human activities contribute to drought

A

changing land use
over abstraction of ground water
less evapotranspiration due to less vegetation
soil becoming compact
urbanization

25
Q

environmental impacts caused by flooding

A

increased runoff so algal blooms disrupted
eutrophication which causes algal blooms
interrupt breeding and migration
sediment and nutrients disrupted

26
Q

what is wpi

A

water poverty index

27
Q

what is the wpi of
ethiopia
england
brazil

A

ethiopia-34

england-71

brazil-58.8

28
Q

what are the factors of the wpi

A

water resources
access to water
handling capacity
use of water
population

29
Q

benefits and negatives of desalinization in Israel

A

benefits-produce 600 tonnes of water a hour

each city requires its own plant

vast ammounts of harmful agents produced

30
Q

benefits and negatives of three gorges damn

A

enables surplus supplies to build up
electricity generated
jobs provided

costs 70 billion is a ongoing cost and people need to manage and maintain the damn

31
Q

benefits and negatives of the south north water transport project

A

allowes areas who previously had no water access

very expensive not finished until 2050 and by 2050 stores will be depleted anyway so wont matter

32
Q

benefits and negatives of uganda water jars

A

cheap and easy to make
one jar can hold 1500l of water
collects rainfall from rooftops
durable and last long time

provide ideal conditions for contamination of the water from mosquitos and diseases

33
Q

what is percolation

A

seepage of water through rocks under gravity

34
Q

what is transpiration

A

water taken up by plants

35
Q

how do humans protect the hydrological cycle

A

suds systems-reduce runoff
green roofs-absorb water
permeable pavements with gaps
harvesting rainwater
reforestation

36
Q

storm desmond characteristics

A

405mm of rainfall in 36 hours
61000 homes lost power
major roads and rail services flooded
5200 homes distrpted

37
Q

water mitgation strategies

A

reforrestation
refusal of planning permission near rivers
reforestation of flood plains
restoration of river channels

38
Q

how has climate change impacted the hydrological cycle

A

good-regreening of the sahel region in africa due to increase rainfall

bad-dry causes wildfires
california
increase evaporation rates
loss of wildlife

39
Q

global water management strategies

A

ramsar convention-wetland and peatlands protection-1975

unec-promotes free sharing of all water in europe-

eu water framework-agreed in berlin to restore all waterways in europe.

40
Q

water adaptation strategies

A

water conservation-drip farming israel

land use

conservation cropping
syria and iraq
increase yeild of crops

41
Q

water and carbon mitigation strategies

A

carbon taxation
energy efficenecy
reforestation
renewable switching

42
Q

what is carbon taxation

A

cost paid by people who produce co2 emissions-ulez project

43
Q

what is energy efficiency

A

Germany
residential and commercial building required to reduce emissions by 25%

44
Q

what is refforesation

A

south korea illegal logging for firewood
1965-2008 11 billion trees planted

45
Q

carbon fact

A

100 biggest companies in the world produce more carbon emissions than 90%of the people.

46
Q
A
47
Q

Threats to the global carbon cycle

A

Deforestation removes carbon sync
Ocean acidification
Increase drought
Increase frequency of tropical storms

48
Q

Physical factors of drainage basins affecting storm hydrographs

A

Size larger more flow
Rock permeability
Soil characteristic
Vegetation

Geography (9 decks)

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