1.3 Cellular Adaptation, Injury and Death Flashcards
(17 cards)
What are the types of intracellular accumulations?
Lipids, Proteins, Hyaline, Glycogen, Pigments
These may represent normal cellular constituents or abnormal substances.
What is Steatosis?
Fatty change characterized by triglyceride accumulation, most commonly seen in the liver from alcohol abuse or NASH/NAFLD
Associated with diabetes or obesity.
Where is fatty change (Steatosis) most commonly seen?
Liver
Also may occur in heart, muscle, and kidney.
What are Xanthomas?
Hereditary and acquired hyperlipidemia
Includes cholesterolosis and various types like Xanthoma tuberosum and tendinosum.
What are foam cells?
Macrophages and smooth muscle cells that accumulate intracellular lipoproteins with cholesterol
Associated with atherosclerosis.
What causes the formation of extracellular cholesterol deposits in plaques?
Rupture of foam cells
Forms extracellular needle-shaped cholesterol crystals.
What is α1-antitrypsin deficiency?
A condition leading to misfolded protein accumulation in hepatocytes
Characterized by diastase resistant PAS+ cytoplasmic globules.
Name the classes of intermediate filaments.
- Keratin (epithelial cells)
- Neurofilaments (neurons)
- Desmin (muscle cells)
- Vimentin (connective tissue cells)
- Glial (astrocytes)
Includes filamentous proteins classified by thickness.
What are the key features of Alzheimer’s Disease related to intracellular accumulations?
Misfolded proteins form neurofibrillary tangles (Tau protein) and amyloid plaques
Misfolded beta-amyloid precursor protein contributes to plaque formation.
What are Alcoholic Hyaline bodies?
Cytoplasmic aggregates of damaged keratin filaments
Classically associated with alcoholic liver disease.
What is the appearance of glycogen in microscopy?
Optically clear
Stains positive with PAS; negative after digestion with diastase.
What is Anthracosis?
Accumulation of carbon in pulmonary macrophages due to inhalation of coal dust
Typically does not cause inflammation unless severe.
What is Lipofuscin?
A brown pigment, also known as ‘wear and tear pigment’
Composed of undigested material in phagolysosomes, indicating free radical damage.
What is the function of Melanin?
Protects skin from UV damage
Produced in melanocytes through oxidation of tyrosine.
What is Hemosiderin?
Golden brown pigment; end-stage storage form of iron
Formed from cytosolic ferritin in lysosomes with local or systemic excess.
What is Hemosiderosis?
Condition due to local or systemic excess of iron
Can result from multiple transfusions, excess intake, or chronic hemolysis.
Fill in the blank: Excessive accumulation of glycogen is seen in states of abnormal glycogen or glucose metabolism and in some _______.
neoplasms
