13 - Classification and Biodiversity (C2)

Question 1

What is a hierarchy?

Answer 1

A system in which smaller groups are components of larger groups

Question 2

What is a taxon?

Answer 2

Any group within a system of classification

Question 3

What is the hierarchy of biological classification?

Answer 3

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Question 4

What is a domain?

Answer 4

The largest taxon and all living things belong in 1 of 3 domains

Question 5

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 5

• Eubacteria - the true bacteria
• Archaea - extremophile prokaryotes
• Eukaryota - all eukaryotic organisms e.g. animals, plants, fungi, protoctista

Question 6

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 6

• Prokaryota
• Protoctista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

Question 7

Of the 3 domain system and 5 kingdom system how many are prokaryotic?

Answer 7

• 2 of 3 domains: eubacteria and archaea

- 1 of 5 kingdoms: prokaryota

Question 8

What is a phylum?

Answer 8

A sub-group of a kingdom

Question 9

What is a genus?

Answer 9

A group of similar organisms

Question 10

What is a species?

Answer 10

A group of organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring

Question 11

What is an example of a protoctista?

Answer 11

Amoeba

Question 12

What are homologous structures?

Answer 12

Structures in different species with a similar anatomical position and developmental origin, derived from a common ancestor

Question 13

What are analogous structures?

Answer 13

Structures with a corresponding function and similar shape, but have a different developmental origin

Question 14

How is the binomial system used?

Answer 14

• Each organism has 2 names - genus and species
• Genus name has capital letter, species name doesn’t
• In italics or underlined

Question 15

What is the definition of biodiversity?

Answer 15

The number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a given environment

Question 16

What can cause biodiversity to increase or decrease?

Answer 16

• Succession
• Natural selection
• Human influence

Question 17

What is polymorphism?

Answer 17

The occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among members of a single species

Question 18

What is natural selection?

Answer 18

The gradual process in which inherited characteristics become more or less common in a population, in response to the environment determining the breeding success of individuals possessing those characteristics

Question 19

What are selection pressures?

Answer 19

Environmental factors that affect an individual’s reproductive success

Question 20

What is the equation to find the population size from a capture mark recapture experiment?

Answer 20

Number in 2nd sample x number in 1st sample / Number marked in 2nd sample

Question 21

What are extremophiles?

Answer 21

Organisms that exist in a wide variety of environmental conditions including extremes of temperature, pH and pressure

Question 22

What are some features of prokaryotae?

Answer 22

• Unicellular
• Microscopic
• No internal membrane bound organelles
• No nuclear membrane
• Cell wall not made of chitin or cellulose

Question 23

What are some features of protoctista?

Answer 23

• Eukaryotes
• Mainly single celled
• No tissue differentation

Question 24

What are some features of plantae?

Answer 24

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Photosynthetic
• Cellulose cell wall

Question 25

What are some features of fungi?

Answer 25

- Eukaryotes - Heterotrophic - Chitin cell wall - Reproduce by spores

Question 26

What are some features of animalia?

Answer 26

- Eukaryotes - Multicellular - Heterotrophic - Nervous coordination - No cell wall

Question 27

What do biochemical methods measure?

Answer 27

- The proportion of DNA or proteins shared between species to estimate relatedness - DNA fragments or proteins displayed as bands on electrophoresis gel

Question 28

What is an advantage of biochemical methods?

Answer 28

They reduce the mistakes made in classification due to convergent evolution

Question 29

What does the Simpson's diversity index measure?

Answer 29

- Biodiversity of a habitat | - Ranges from 0 to 1, the closer to 1 the higher the diversity

Question 30

What causes polymorphism?

Answer 30

The presence of polymorphic genes e.g. multiples alleles for the same gene

Question 31

How can genetic biodiversity be assessed?

Answer 31

- By determining either the number of: - Alleles at a locus - Individuals in the population have a particular allele

Question 32

What is a similarity between the 3 domain system and 5 kingdom classification?

Answer 32

Both divide organisms phylogenetically

Question 33

What is the definition of classification?

Answer 33

The organisation of living organisms into groups according to their shared similarities

Question 34

What is the definition of taxonomy?

Answer 34

The study of the principles behind classification

Question 35

What is the definition of morphology?

Answer 35

The study of the forms of things