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Biology > 13 - Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

13 - Neuronal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need coordination?

A

Cells have become specialised e.g. organs

Therefore groups of cells all have to work together

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2
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Functions of organs coordinated to maintain a constant internal environment

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3
Q

Compare nervous cell signalling and hormonal cell signalling

A

Nervous = neurotransmitters
Faster more targeted

Hormonal is hormones
Long distance

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4
Q

How do plants coordinate

A

No nervous system

Hormones e.g. auxins

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5
Q

What are stimuli

A

Changes to internal or external environment

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6
Q

How is the cell body of a neurone specialised to function

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

Lots of endoplasmic reticulum And mitochondria for production of neurotransmitters

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7
Q

What is the role of dendrons

A

Short extensions, divide into dendrites

Transmit impulses towards cell body

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8
Q

What are the structure and role of axons

A

Transmit impulses away from cell bodies

Singular elongated Nerve fibres

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9
Q

What are the three types of neuron

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

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10
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neuron

A

One dendron one axon

So body in eyeball shaped form in centre

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11
Q

What is the structure of a relay neuron

A

Many short axons and neurones

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12
Q

What is the function of a relay neuron

A

Transmit between neurons

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13
Q

What is the function of a motor neurone

A

Transmit impulses to an effector e.g. muscle or gland

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14
Q

What is the structure of a motor neuron

A

One long axon many short dendrites

Cell body at end of axon

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15
Q

What is myelin sheath and what is its role

A

Many layers of plasma membrane made from Schwann cells

Acts as an insulating layer to transmit impulses faster

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16
Q

What are gaps in Mylan sheath called and what are their roles

A

Node of ranvier

Signals jump over these gaps speeding up transmission

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17
Q

What are the features of sensory receptors

A

Specific to one type of stimulus

Acts as transducers – convert stimulus into nerve impulse called generator potential

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18
Q

What are the four types of sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptor
Thermoreceptor
Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptor

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19
Q

What is the stimulus for mechanoreceptors. Give an example.

A

Pressure and movement

Skin

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20
Q

What is the stimulus for thermoreceptors. Give an example.

A

Temperature

Younger

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21
Q

What is the stimulus for chemoreceptors. Give an example.

A

Chemicals

Nose

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22
Q

What is the stimulus for photoreceptors. Give an example.

A

Light

Eye

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23
Q

What is the role of the pacinian corpuscle

A

Detects mechanical pressure

Deep in skin in joints

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24
Q

Describe the process of a action potential in the pacinian corpuscle

A 
Neurone has resting potential
Pressure acts as stimulus
Stretch mediated sodium ion channels open
Influx of positive ions depolarises so
Action potential passes along neurone
25
How are resting potentials created
Sodium ions actively transported out of axons Potassium ions actively transported into axon Three sodium out, two potassium in Uneven balance creates electrochemical gradient Sodium ions diffuse in potassium ions diffuse out However sodium ion channels closed More positive charge outside (-70mV inside)
26
How is an action potential created
Sodium ion voltage gated channels open Sodium ions diffuse down electrochemical gradient Creates positive feedback and more gates open Sodium channels shut and potassium builds up inside axon
27
Describe how repolarisation works
Potassium ion voltage gated channels open | Lets positive eyes out to get back to -70mV
28
What is the refractory period
Period of hyperpolarisation Voltage gates both closed There can be no new action potential Stops overlapping signals and prevent signals travelling backwards
29
Describe how action potential is propagated
Sodium ions moving in are attracted to negative charge and diffusion gradient More positive charge triggers voltage gated channels to open up further down neurone
30
What is saltatory conduction
Action potentials cannot be created in myelinated areas Only happen it node of ranvier Leapfrog quicker more Efficient
31
What are the two types of neurotransmitters
Excitatory | Inhibitory
32
What do excitatory neurotransmitters do. Give an example
Trigger action potential of threshold is reached | EG acetylcholine
33
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do. give an example
Prevents action potential being reached | E.g. gaba
34
Explain how an action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft
Action potential reaches presynaptic knob Depolarisation causes voltage gated calcium ion channels open Calcium ions diffuse into presynaptic knob Causes cytoskeleton to move vesicles, fuse with membrane, releasing neurotransmitters via exocytosis
35
Explain how neurotransmitters in a synaptic cleft cause the propagation of an action potential
Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft Bind with specific receptor on postsynaptic membrane Causes sodium channels to open, sodium ions diffuse in, causing action potential Impulse propagated
36
Explain what happens to the neurotransmitters after binding to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
Broken down by enzymes Products taken back to presynaptic knob to be recycled into new neurotransmitters This also prevents a response from happening again
37
What are the two systems of structural organisation in neuronal communication (_NS and _NS)
Central nervous system Brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system All neurons connected to central nervous system (sensory and motor)
38
What are the two systems of functional organisation
Somatic nervous system Conscious control Automatic nervous system Subconscious control – works constantly
39
What are the two subgroups under automatic nervous system? When would they be used? Name a NT for each.
Sympathetic Fight or flight Noradrenaline Parasympathetic Relaxing responses Acetylcholine
40
How is the brain protected
Meninges and skull
41
What does the cerebrum do
Controls voluntary actions | Learning memory personality conscious thought
42
What does the cerebellum do
Controls unconscious functions | Posture, balance, involuntary movement
43
What does the medulla oblongata do
Controls automatic control | Breathing rate, heart rate, coughing, swallowing
44
What does the hypothalamus do?
Regulatory centre | Temperature, water balance, hormones, blood plasma
45
What does the pituitary gland do?
Stores and releases hormones
46
What does the corpus callosum do
Joints to hemispheres of the brain together
47
What is the structure of Myosin
Globular, hinged heads | Binding site for actin and ATP many many tails form the filament
48
What is the structure of actin
Have binding sites for Myosin | Blocked by tropomyosin, held in place by tropinin
49
Describe the steps in the sliding filament model
Calcium ions cause troponin to turn, move tropomyosin out of the way, expose binding sites Myosin head binding drives actin forward ATP binds to myosin causing it to detach from Actin ATP hydrolysed to ADP providing energy for myosin head to move backwards, binds to actin further down ADP releases
50
What is the dark bit made up of in the sliding Filament model?
Layers of myosin and actin, length of Myosin
51
What is the H zone
Lighter banned within dark band where actin has gaps
52
What is the z-line
Where actin cross links are
53
What is the sarcomere
Area between two adjacent z-lines
54
What are the three types of muscle
Cardiac Smooth Skeletal
55
What are three ways of maintaining an ATP supply
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Creatine phosphate
56
State the difference in arrangement between skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
Skeletal – regular arrange so muscle contracts in One Direction Cardiac - cells branch and interconnect resulting in simultaneous contraction Smooth – no regular arrangement
57
State the difference in contraction speed of skeletal cardiac and smooth muscle
Skeletal – rapid Cardiac – intermediate Smooth – slow
58
State the difference in striations In skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
Skeletal – striated Cardiac – specialised striated Smooth – non-striated

Biology (17 decks)

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