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Anatomy Section 6 > 13 - Origin of Ejaculate > Flashcards

13 - Origin of Ejaculate Flashcards

1
Q

Which mammals never had a scrotum?

A

-elephants

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2
Q

Which mammals had a scrotum but lost it?

A

-whales
-beavers

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3
Q

Which mammals bring testes down seasonally?

A

-some rodents, insectivores, and bats

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4
Q

Testes in a fetal state:

A

-near kidney
-ductus deferens: takes semen from testes to where it opens
-need to go through vaginal ring out of the abdomen and into the scrotum

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5
Q

Descent of testes:

A

-externalization is essential for normal spermatogenesis
-dependent on gubernaculum testis

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6
Q

Gubernaculum testes:

A

-extends from fetal testis through inguinal canal to scrotum
-rapid enormous enlargement
-testis migrate with gubernaculum within fold of peritoneum through canal
-brings the parietal peritoneum with it=vaginal tunic
-gubernaculum shrinks: descent complete and IRREVERSIBLE
-timing is important

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7
Q

Timing of testicular descent in ruminants:

A

-mid-gestation

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8
Q

Timing of testicular descent in pigs and horses:

A

-near term

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9
Q

Timing of testicular descent in dogs:

A

1-3 weeks after birth

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10
Q

Descent abnormalities:

A

-cryptorchidism

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11
Q

Vaginal tunic:

A

-visceral and parietal layers
>continuous with parietal peritoneum
-space between the 2 layers

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12
Q

What makes up the inguinal canal?

A

-vaginal ring
-deep inguinal ring
-superficial inguinal ring

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13
Q

Spermatic cord consists of:

A

-visceral and partial layer of vaginal tunic (peritoneum)
-vaginal canal
-mesorchium
-spermatic fascia
-cremaster muscle
-ductus deferens
-testicular artery and veins

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14
Q

Vaginal canal:

A

-potential space between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics around a spermatic cord

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15
Q

Vaginal cavity:

A

-potential space between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics around a testis

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16
Q

Testicular artery:

A

-extremely long
*convoluted

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17
Q

Testicular vein:

A

-venous (pampiniform) plexus around artery

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18
Q

Where is the lymph of the testes drained?

A

-to nodes near bifurcation of aorta

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19
Q

What are the nerves of the testes within the spermatic cord?

A

-sympathetic fibers

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20
Q

Mesorchium and mesoductus deferens:

A

-connects parietal and visceral vaginal tunic
*connecting mesenteries of the testes and ductus deferens

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21
Q

Testicular bursa

A

-space between

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22
Q

Testis capsule:

A

-visceral peritoneum (visceral vaginal tunic)
-tunica albuginea

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23
Q

Tunica albuginea:

A

-part to connective tissue capsule of testes
-blood vessels
-intracapsular pressure
-septa, lobules, mediastinum

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24
Q

Mediastinum testes in ruminants

A

-long axis of the testes
-in the middle

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25
Q

Mediastinum testes in horses

A

-runs along the one edge

26
Q

What is part of the parenchyma of the testis?

A

-seminiferous tubules
-interstitial tissue (Leydig cells, blood, lymph, connective tissue)

27
Q

Seminiferous tubes

A

-long, convoluted tubules
-both ends open into rete testis
*where sperm is produced and matured (spermatogenesis)
-Sertoli and germ cells

28
Q

Seminiferous tubules and maturity of sperm cells:

A

*more mature cells=closer to the lumen

29
Q

Rete testis:

A

-drained by several efferent ducts (15-20) into the epididymis

30
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells:

A

*endocrine part of testis
-under control LH control
-produce androgens and IGF3
-between seminiferous tubules

31
Q

Leydig cells produce androgens;

A

-responsible for primary and secondary male characteristics
-feedback control on LH
*produce testosterone

32
Q

Leydig cells produce IGF3:

A

-responsible for gubernaculum outgrowth and testis descent

33
Q

Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells:

A

-under FSH control
-produce activin and inhibin (feedback control on FSH)
-produce Mullerian inhibiting substances during development
**SUPPORT developing spermatozoa

34
Q

Sertoli cells produce Mullerian inhibiting substances during development:

A

-anti-Mullerian hormone
*suppresses female tubular genitalia

35
Q

Epididymis:

A

-2m (cats) to 80m (stallion)
-can’t be seen on medial side
-head, body, and tail
*spends lots of time maturing in this part
*continues as ductus deferens

36
Q

Tail of epididymis:

A

-storage site of spermatozoa
*non-mobile until get exposed to liquid part of semen

37
Q

Why is the tail of the epididymis the coolest spot?

A

-need 1 degree lower (compared to body T) for sperm production
>if short fever: sperm will be bad for a few days as it takes time for the sperm to travel
-Leydig cells still produce hormones at any temperature

38
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A

-tail of epididymis to urethra
-very muscular
-peristaltic movements to move the sperm
-rigid (can usually palpate through the skin)
-ampulla and vesicular glands
-colliculus seminalis

39
Q

Where does ductus deferens open up?

A

-at the neck of the bladder
*medial aspect of testis

40
Q

Colliculus seminalis:

A

-space by urethral crest
*stores sperm

41
Q

Urethra:

A

-accessory reproductive glands (3) open up
>produce liquid part of semen

42
Q

3 (4) accessory reproductive glands:

A

-vesicular
-prostate
-bulbourethral
*not all species have all of them
-4th: end of ductus deferens is glandular (ampulla)
*some can be palpated transrectally

43
Q

Ampulla:

A

-stores some spermatozoa
-overflow from the tail
-‘rusty load’
-glandular part of vas deferens
*NOT in cat or pig (still have ampullary glands though)
-not grossly evident in dog

44
Q

Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles): animals

A

-all, but NOT dog, cat and camelids

45
Q

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s gland): animals

A

-all, but NOT dog

46
Q

Prostate:

A

-bilobed
-around neck of urinary ladder and beginning of pelvic urethra
-may be disseminated into urethra

47
Q

Bulbourethral glands location:

A

-nestled between bulbospongiosus muscle and urethralis muscle

48
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum?

A

-skin
-(tunica) dartos
-external spermatic fascia
-internal spermatic fascia
-parietal vaginal tunic
-vaginal cavity
-visceral vaginal tunic

49
Q

Skin and dartos:

A

-elastic
-smooth muscle (ex. respond to changes in environmental temperature)

50
Q

External spermatic fascia:

A

-loose connective tissue
-easily broken down
*so inside components can move

51
Q

Internal spermatic fascia and parietal vaginal tunic:

A

-inseparable
-tough connective tissue lined by serous membrane

52
Q

What are the 2 ligaments of the scrotum?

A

-proper ligament of testes
-ligament of the tail of the epididymis

53
Q

Visceral vaginal tunic is inseparable from:

A

-tunica albuginea

54
Q

Thermoregulation:

A

-maintained at 3-6 degrees Celsius BELOW body temperature
-ways to loss heat and also conserve heat

55
Q

Heat loss for thermoregulation:

A

-radiation: external position, absence of fat, fine scrotal hair
-evaporation: sweat glands
-countercurrent heat exchange in vascular cone
-superficial branches of testicular arteries and veins (in tunica albuginea)

56
Q

Conservation of heat for thermoregulation;

A

-dartos: responds to changes in ambient temperature (cold=contract, so closer to body)
-cremaster: skeletal muscle

57
Q

‘closed’ castration approach:

A

-external spermatic fascia is separated
-internal spermatic fascia and parietal vaginal tunic are still intact
-preferred=less chance of ascending infection

58
Q

‘open’ castration approach:

A

-vaginal cavity is exposed
-internal spermatic fascia and parietal vaginal tunic is removed
*more chances of ascending infection

59
Q

Testis orientation and scrotum position in bull, ram, buck:

A

-vertical
-inguinal

60
Q

Testis orientation and scrotum position in dogs, and stallion:

A

-horizontal
-intermediate

61
Q

Testis orientation and scrotum position in boar, cat, llama:

A

-tilted towards anus
-perineal

Anatomy Section 6 (18 decks)

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