1.3 PROTOPLASMIC-CYTOPLASMIC ELEMENTS in a Protoplasm

Question 1

3 components of protoplasmic elements

Answer 1

1. endomembrane system
2. independently dividing/fusing organelles derived from ES
3. semiautonomous organelles

Question 2

-fluid filled compartments
-encompassed by the tonoplast membrane
-hyperaccumulators and pigmentation
-occupy ~30% of cell volume

Answer 2

vacuoles

Question 3

cytoplasmic membrane surrounding large vacuoles within plant cells

Answer 3

tonoplast membrane

Question 4

functions of vacuole hyper accumulators

Answer 4

-sequester toxic compounds
-help general metabolism of plant

Question 5

vacuoles contain this liquid and it consists of water and solutes

Answer 5

vacuolar sap

Question 6

what does overaccumulation of pigments in vacuoles help with?

Answer 6

protects against harmful UV rays

Question 7

what are the multifunctional compartments of a vacuole?

Answer 7

-storage
-digestion
-pH & ionic homeostasis
- defense against microbial pathogens and herbivores
- sequestration of toxic compounds
- pigmentation

Question 8

in vacuoles, these screen out UV and visible light to prevent photo-oxidative damage

Answer 8

vacuolar pigments

Question 9

function of vacuoles where they reservoir protons and metabolically important ions

Answer 9

pH & ionic homeostasis

Question 10

function of vacuoles where they breakdown and recycle nearly all cellular components

Answer 10

digestion

Question 11

function of vacuoles where they accumulate variety of toxic compounds to reduce herbivore feeding and to destroy microbial pathogens

Answer 11

defense

Question 12

why are plastids semi-autonomous?

Answer 12

-come from binary fission of other particles
-are double stranded with circular chromosomes and protein synthesis machinery
-can differentiate, dedifferentiate, redifferentiate

Question 13

what is the fluid filling inner space of protoplasmic elements ?
(protein-rich fluid)

Answer 13

stroma

Question 14

undifferentiated plastid- feature of meristematic cells with few internal membranes
defined by appearance and location

Answer 14

proplastid

Question 15

plastid- stores ESSENTIAL OILS to protect plant from animals
contains lots of oil containing plastoglobules

Answer 15

leucoplasts

Question 16

plastid- stores OIL located in tapetal cells

Answer 16

elaioplasts

Question 17

plastid- stores STARCH
contain starch granules
serves as statoliths in columella cells

Answer 17

amyloplasts

Question 18

sedimenting in response to gravity and thereby triggering the (+) gravitropic response

Answer 18

statoliths

Question 19

pigmented plastid- green
photosynthesis/energy capture
temporary starch storage

Answer 19

chloroplast

Question 20

tiny compartments found inside chloroplasts
3rd internal system in the stroma

Answer 20

thylakoid

Question 21

comprise of anther tissue fundamental to pollen grain development

Answer 21

tapetal cells

Question 22

type of thylakoid- stacked and pressed

Answer 22

granal thylakoid

Question 23

type of thylakoid- interconnects grana, alone

Answer 23

stromal thylakoid

Question 24

lipoprotein bodies associated with thylakoid

Answer 24

plastoglobules

Question 25

pigmented plastid- differentiated in the dark/absence of light helps in gibberellic acid synthesis

Answer 25

etioplasts

Question 26

when chloroplasts reverse into etioplasts

Answer 26

degreening

Question 27

pigmented plastid- red, orange, yellow contains many carotenoids and xanophyll pigments

Answer 27

chromoplasts

Question 28

pigmented plastids- formed during senescence/catabolism -controlled dismantling -accumulation of massive amounts of plastoglobules

Answer 28

gerontoplasts

Question 29

cytoplasmic extensions between adjacent cells - passage of large molecules -cell to cell communication

Answer 29

plasmodesmata

Question 30

one interconnected mass of all protoplasm with in a single plant

Answer 30

symplast

Question 31

storage reserves and wastes not actively metabolized taxonomic classification tool

Answer 31

ergastic compounds

Question 32

ergastic compound- high energy storage and gravity perception

Answer 32

starch grains

Question 33

ergastic compound- fats, oils, wax in cuticle/root/cork

Answer 33

lipids

Question 34

stain of starch grains

Answer 34

IKI stain purple and/or black

Question 35

stain of lipids

Answer 35

sudan III or IV redish stain

Question 36

ergastic compound- proteinoplasts granular protein deposits in the outermost endosperm layer

Answer 36

aleurone grains

Question 37

ergastic compound- phenol derivatives deter herbivory and parasite growth against dehydration

Answer 37

tannins

Question 38

where are tannins located in the plant?

Answer 38

leaves, epidermis vascular tissues, unripe fruits, seed coats

Question 39

ergastic compound- storage of waste deposition more deter herbivory

Answer 39

crystals

Question 40

2 types of crystals

Answer 40

1. calcium oxalate 2. calcium carbonate

Question 41

calcium oxalate crystal- sherical

Answer 41

druse

Question 42

calcium oxalate crystal- needle bundles

Answer 42

raphide

Question 43

calcium oxalate crystal- singular and elongated

Answer 43

styloid

Question 44

calcium oxalate crystal- prism shaped

Answer 44

prismatic